// Copyright 2017 The Dawn & Tint Authors
//
// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
//
// 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
//    list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
//
// 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
//    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
//    and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
//
// 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its
//    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
//    this software without specific prior written permission.
//
// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
// AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
// IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
// DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
// FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
// DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR
// SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
// CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
// OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/CommandBufferD3D12.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

#include "partition_alloc/pointers/raw_ptr.h"
#include "partition_alloc/pointers/raw_ptr_exclusion.h"
#include "src/dawn/common/MutexProtected.h"
#include "src/dawn/common/Range.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/BindGroupTracker.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/CommandValidation.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/DynamicUploader.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/Error.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/ImmediatesTracker.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/Queue.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/RenderBundle.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/BindGroupD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/BindGroupLayoutD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/ComputePipelineD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/DeviceD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/ImmediatesLayoutD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/PipelineLayoutD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/PlatformFunctionsD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/QuerySetD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/RenderPassBuilderD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/RenderPipelineD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/ResourceTableD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/ShaderVisibleDescriptorAllocatorD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/StagingDescriptorAllocatorD3D12.h"
#include "src/dawn/native/d3d12/UtilsD3D12.h"
#include "src/utils/compiler.h"

namespace dawn::native::d3d12 {

namespace {

DXGI_FORMAT DXGIIndexFormat(wgpu::IndexFormat format) {
    switch (format) {
        case wgpu::IndexFormat::Undefined:
            return DXGI_FORMAT_UNKNOWN;
        case wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint16:
            return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT;
        case wgpu::IndexFormat::Uint32:
            return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT;
        default:
            DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
    }
}

D3D12_QUERY_TYPE D3D12QueryType(wgpu::QueryType type) {
    switch (type) {
        case wgpu::QueryType::Occlusion:
            return D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION;
        case wgpu::QueryType::Timestamp:
            return D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP;
        default:
            DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
    }
}

bool CanUseCopyResource(const TextureCopy& src,
                        const TextureCopy& dst,
                        const TexelExtent3D& copySize) {
    // Checked by validation
    DAWN_ASSERT(src.texture->GetSampleCount() == dst.texture->GetSampleCount());
    DAWN_ASSERT(src.texture->GetFormat().CopyCompatibleWith(dst.texture->GetFormat()));
    DAWN_ASSERT(src.aspect == dst.aspect);

    const TexelExtent3D& srcSize = src.texture->GetSize(src.aspect);
    const TexelExtent3D& dstSize = dst.texture->GetSize(dst.aspect);

    // https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/d3d12/nf-d3d12-id3d12graphicscommandlist-copyresource
    // In order to use D3D12's copy resource, the textures must be the same dimensions, and
    // the copy must be of the entire resource.
    return src.aspect == src.texture->GetFormat().aspects &&
           src.texture->GetDimension() == dst.texture->GetDimension() &&  //
           dst.texture->GetNumMipLevels() == 1 &&                         //
           src.texture->GetNumMipLevels() == 1 &&  // A copy command is of a single mip, so
                                                   // if a resource has more than one, we
                                                   // definitely cannot use CopyResource.
           copySize.width == dstSize.width &&      //
           copySize.width == srcSize.width &&      //
           copySize.height == dstSize.height &&    //
           copySize.height == srcSize.height &&    //
           copySize.depthOrArrayLayers == dstSize.depthOrArrayLayers &&  //
           copySize.depthOrArrayLayers == srcSize.depthOrArrayLayers;
}

bool CanUseCopyResource(CopyBufferToBufferCmd* copy) {
    return copy->sourceOffset == 0 && copy->destinationOffset == 0 &&
           copy->size == copy->source->GetSize() && copy->size == copy->destination->GetSize() &&
           copy->source->GetAllocatedSize() == copy->destination->GetAllocatedSize();
}

void RecordWriteTimestampCmd(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                             QuerySetBase* querySet,
                             QueryIndex queryIndex) {
    DAWN_ASSERT(D3D12QueryType(ToBackend(querySet)->GetQueryType()) == D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP);
    commandList->EndQuery(ToBackend(querySet)->GetQueryHeap(), D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_TIMESTAMP,
                          uint32_t{queryIndex});
}

void RecordResolveQuerySetCmd(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                              Device* device,
                              QuerySet* querySet,
                              QueryIndex firstQuery,
                              QueryIndex queryCount,
                              Buffer* destination,
                              uint64_t destinationOffset) {
    ForEachAvailableQueryRange(
        firstQuery, queryCount, [&](QueryIndex i) { return querySet->IsQueryAvailable(i); },
        [&](QueryIndex start, QueryIndex count) {
            // Compute the offset for this range of available queries in the buffer.
            uint64_t resolveBufferOffset =
                destinationOffset + ToQueryStorageSize(start - firstQuery);

            // Resolve the queries between firstTrueIt and nextFalseIt (which is at most lastIt)
            commandList->ResolveQueryData(
                querySet->GetQueryHeap(), D3D12QueryType(querySet->GetQueryType()), uint32_t{start},
                uint32_t{count}, destination->GetD3D12Resource(), resolveBufferOffset);
        });
}

bool ShouldCopyUsingTemporaryBuffer(DeviceBase* device,
                                    const TextureCopy& srcCopy,
                                    const TextureCopy& dstCopy) {
    if (device->IsToggleEnabled(
            Toggle::D3D12UseTempBufferInTextureToTextureCopyBetweenDifferentDimensions) &&
        srcCopy.texture->GetDimension() != dstCopy.texture->GetDimension()) {
        return true;
    }

    if (device->IsToggleEnabled(
            Toggle::UseTempBufferInSmallFormatTextureToTextureCopyFromGreaterToLessMipLevel)) {
        bool copyToLesserLevel = srcCopy.mipLevel > dstCopy.mipLevel;
        DAWN_ASSERT(srcCopy.texture->GetFormat().CopyCompatibleWith(dstCopy.texture->GetFormat()));

        // GetAspectInfo(aspect) requires HasOneBit(aspect) == true, plus the texel block
        // sizes of depth stencil formats are always no less than 4 bytes.
        bool isSmallColorFormat =
            HasOneBit(srcCopy.aspect) &&
            srcCopy.texture->GetFormat().GetAspectInfo(srcCopy.aspect).block.byteSize < 4u;
        if (copyToLesserLevel && isSmallColorFormat) {
            return true;
        }
    }

    return false;
}

MaybeError RecordCopyTextureWithTemporaryBuffer(CommandRecordingContext* recordingContext,
                                                const TextureCopy& srcCopy,
                                                const TextureCopy& dstCopy,
                                                const BlockExtent3D& copySize) {
    DAWN_ASSERT(srcCopy.texture->GetFormat().format == dstCopy.texture->GetFormat().format);
    DAWN_ASSERT(srcCopy.aspect == dstCopy.aspect);
    const TypedTexelBlockInfo& blockInfo = GetBlockInfo(srcCopy);

    // Create tempBuffer
    uint32_t bytesPerRow = Align(blockInfo.ToBytes(copySize.width), kTextureBytesPerRowAlignment);
    BlockCount blocksPerRow = blockInfo.BytesToBlocks(bytesPerRow);
    BlockCount rowsPerImage = copySize.height;

    // The size of temporary buffer isn't needed to be a multiple of 4 because we don't
    // need to set mappedAtCreation to be true.
    uint64_t tempBufferSize =
        ComputeRequiredBytesInCopy(blockInfo, copySize, blocksPerRow, rowsPerImage);

    BufferDescriptor tempBufferDescriptor;
    tempBufferDescriptor.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
    tempBufferDescriptor.size = tempBufferSize;
    Device* device = ToBackend(srcCopy.texture->GetDevice());
    Ref<BufferBase> tempBufferBase;
    DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(tempBufferBase, device->CreateBuffer(&tempBufferDescriptor));
    Ref<Buffer> tempBuffer = ToBackend(std::move(tempBufferBase));
    auto scopedUseStaging = tempBuffer->UseInternal();

    BufferCopy bufferCopy;
    bufferCopy.buffer = tempBuffer;
    bufferCopy.offset = 0;
    bufferCopy.blocksPerRow = blocksPerRow;
    bufferCopy.rowsPerImage = rowsPerImage;

    // Copy from source texture into tempBuffer
    tempBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(recordingContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
    RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::T2B, recordingContext->GetCommandList(),
                            bufferCopy, srcCopy, copySize);

    // Copy from tempBuffer into destination texture
    tempBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(recordingContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc);
    RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::B2T, recordingContext->GetCommandList(),
                            bufferCopy, dstCopy, copySize);

    // Save tempBuffer into recordingContext
    recordingContext->AddToTempBuffers(std::move(tempBuffer));

    return {};
}

bool ShouldCopyUsingTemporaryBuffer(DeviceBase* device,
                                    const BufferCopy& bufferCopy,
                                    const TextureCopy& textureCopy) {
    // Currently we only need the workaround for some D3D12 platforms.
    if (device->IsToggleEnabled(
            Toggle::D3D12UseTempBufferInDepthStencilTextureAndBufferCopyWithNonZeroBufferOffset)) {
        if ((ToBackend(textureCopy.texture)->GetD3D12ResourceFlags() &
             D3D12_RESOURCE_FLAG_ALLOW_DEPTH_STENCIL) &&
            bufferCopy.offset % D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT > 0) {
            return true;
        }
    }
    return false;
}

MaybeError RecordBufferTextureCopyWithTemporaryBuffer(CommandRecordingContext* recordingContext,
                                                      BufferTextureCopyDirection copyDirection,
                                                      const BufferCopy& bufferCopy,
                                                      const TextureCopy& textureCopy,
                                                      const BlockExtent3D& copySize) {
    const TypedTexelBlockInfo& blockInfo = GetBlockInfo(textureCopy);

    // Create tempBuffer
    // The size of temporary buffer isn't needed to be a multiple of 4 because we don't
    // need to set mappedAtCreation to be true.
    uint64_t tempBufferSize = ComputeRequiredBytesInCopy(
        blockInfo, copySize, bufferCopy.blocksPerRow, bufferCopy.rowsPerImage);

    BufferDescriptor tempBufferDescriptor;
    tempBufferDescriptor.usage = wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
    tempBufferDescriptor.size = tempBufferSize;
    Device* device = ToBackend(textureCopy.texture->GetDevice());
    Ref<BufferBase> tempBufferBase;
    DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(tempBufferBase, device->CreateBuffer(&tempBufferDescriptor));
    // D3D12 aligns the entire buffer to at least 64KB, so the virtual address of tempBuffer will
    // always be aligned to D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT (512).
    Ref<Buffer> tempBuffer = ToBackend(std::move(tempBufferBase));
    DAWN_ASSERT(tempBuffer->GetVA() % D3D12_TEXTURE_DATA_PLACEMENT_ALIGNMENT == 0);
    auto scopedUseStaging = tempBuffer->UseInternal();

    DAWN_TRY(tempBuffer->EnsureDataInitialized(recordingContext));

    BufferCopy tempBufferCopy;
    tempBufferCopy.buffer = tempBuffer;
    tempBufferCopy.offset = 0;
    tempBufferCopy.blocksPerRow = bufferCopy.blocksPerRow;
    tempBufferCopy.rowsPerImage = bufferCopy.rowsPerImage;

    tempBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(recordingContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);

    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = recordingContext->GetCommandList();
    switch (copyDirection) {
        case BufferTextureCopyDirection::B2T: {
            commandList->CopyBufferRegion(tempBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(), 0,
                                          ToBackend(bufferCopy.buffer)->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                          bufferCopy.offset, tempBufferDescriptor.size);
            tempBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(recordingContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc);
            RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::B2T,
                                    recordingContext->GetCommandList(), tempBufferCopy, textureCopy,
                                    copySize);
            break;
        }
        case BufferTextureCopyDirection::T2B: {
            RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::T2B,
                                    recordingContext->GetCommandList(), tempBufferCopy, textureCopy,
                                    copySize);
            tempBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(recordingContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc);
            commandList->CopyBufferRegion(ToBackend(bufferCopy.buffer)->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                          bufferCopy.offset, tempBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(), 0,
                                          tempBufferDescriptor.size);
            break;
        }
        default:
            DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
            break;
    }

    // Save tempBuffer into recordingContext
    recordingContext->AddToTempBuffers(std::move(tempBuffer));

    return {};
}

// Records the necessary barriers for a synchronization scope using the resource usage data
// pre-computed in the frontend. Also performs lazy initialization if required. Returns whether any
// UAV are used in the synchronization scope if `passHasUAV` is passed and no errors are hit.
MaybeError TransitionAndClearForSyncScope(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                          const SyncScopeResourceUsage& usages,
                                          bool* passHasUAV = nullptr) {
    // Apply pending updates to all resource tables used in usages scope.
    // This has to be done before transitioning resources.
    // TODO(crbug.com/529883743): Consider folding the logic in GatherWritableTextures into the
    // scope.textures loop below
    if (!usages.usedResourceTables.empty()) {
        auto writables = GatherWritableTextures(usages);
        for (auto& resourceTable : usages.usedResourceTables) {
            DAWN_TRY(ToBackend(resourceTable)->ApplyPendingUpdates(commandContext, writables));
        }
    }

    std::vector<D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER> barriers;

    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();

    wgpu::BufferUsage bufferUsages = wgpu::BufferUsage::None;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < usages.buffers.size(); ++i) {
        Buffer* buffer = ToBackend(usages.buffers[i]);

        // TODO(crbug.com/dawn/852): clear storage buffers with ClearUnorderedAccessView*().
        DAWN_TRY(buffer->EnsureDataInitialized(commandContext));

        D3D12_RESOURCE_BARRIER barrier;
        if (buffer->TrackUsageAndGetResourceBarrier(commandContext, &barrier,
                                                    usages.bufferSyncInfos[i].usage)) {
            barriers.push_back(barrier);
        }
        bufferUsages |= usages.bufferSyncInfos[i].usage;
    }

    wgpu::TextureUsage textureUsages = wgpu::TextureUsage::None;

    for (size_t i = 0; i < usages.textures.size(); ++i) {
        Texture* texture = ToBackend(usages.textures[i]);

        // Clear subresources that are not render attachments. Render attachments will be
        // cleared in RecordBeginRenderPass by setting the loadop to clear when the texture
        // subresource has not been initialized before the render pass.
        DAWN_TRY(usages.textureSyncInfos[i].Iterate(
            [&](const SubresourceRange& range, const TextureSyncInfo& syncInfo) -> MaybeError {
                if (syncInfo.usage & ~wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment) {
                    DAWN_TRY(texture->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(commandContext, range));
                }
                textureUsages |= syncInfo.usage;
                return {};
            }));

        ToBackend(usages.textures[i])
            ->TrackUsageAndGetResourceBarrierForPass(commandContext, &barriers,
                                                     usages.textureSyncInfos[i]);
    }

    if (barriers.size()) {
        commandList->ResourceBarrier(static_cast<uint32_t>(barriers.size()), barriers.data());
    }

    if (passHasUAV) {
        *passHasUAV =
            bufferUsages & wgpu::BufferUsage::Storage ||
            textureUsages & (wgpu::TextureUsage::StorageBinding | kWriteOnlyStorageTexture);
    }
    return {};
}

using RenderImmediatesTracker = UserImmediatesTrackerBase<RenderImmediates, RenderPipelineBase>;
using ComputeImmediatesTracker = UserImmediatesTrackerBase<ComputeImmediates, ComputePipelineBase>;

template <typename T>
class ImmediateTracker : public T {
  public:
    ImmediateTracker() = default;

    void SetFirstVertexAndInstanceIndex(uint32_t firstVertexIndex, uint32_t firstInstanceIndex) {
        FirstIndexOffset firstIndexOffset;
        firstIndexOffset.firstVertex = firstVertexIndex;
        firstIndexOffset.firstInstance = firstInstanceIndex;
        this->UpdateImmediates(offsetof(RenderImmediates, firstIndexOffset), firstIndexOffset);
    }

    void SetNumWorkgroups(uint32_t numWorkgroupX, uint32_t numWorkgroupY, uint32_t numWorkgroupZ) {
        NumWorkgroupsDimensions numWorkgroupsDimensions;
        numWorkgroupsDimensions.numWorkgroupsX = numWorkgroupX;
        numWorkgroupsDimensions.numWorkgroupsY = numWorkgroupY;
        numWorkgroupsDimensions.numWorkgroupsZ = numWorkgroupZ;

        this->UpdateImmediates(offsetof(ComputeImmediates, numWorkgroups), numWorkgroupsDimensions);
    }

    // Calling this after BindGroupTrackerBase::Apply() to update root signature.
    void Apply(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(this->mLastPipeline != nullptr);

        auto* lastPipeline = this->mLastPipeline;
        ImmediateMask pipelineMask = lastPipeline->GetImmediateMask();
        ImmediateMask uploadBits = this->mDirty & pipelineMask;
        for (auto&& [offset, size] : IterateRanges(uploadBits)) {
            uint32_t immediateContentStartOffset =
                static_cast<uint32_t>(offset) * kImmediateElementByteSize;
            uint32_t immediateRangeStartOffset =
                GetImmediateIndexInPipeline(static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), pipelineMask);
            SetRootConstant(
                commandContext->GetCommandList(),
                ToBackend(lastPipeline)->GetPipelineLayoutHandle()->GetImmediatesParameterIndex(),
                size, this->mContent.template Get<uint32_t>(immediateContentStartOffset),
                immediateRangeStartOffset);
        }

        // Reset all dirty bits after uploading.
        this->mDirty.reset();
    }

  private:
    static constexpr bool kIsRenderImmediates = std::is_same_v<T, RenderImmediatesTracker>;
    static constexpr bool kIsComputeImmediates = std::is_same_v<T, ComputeImmediatesTracker>;

    void SetRootConstant(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                         uint32_t parameterIndex,
                         uint32_t rootConstantsLength,
                         const void* rootConstantsData,
                         uint32_t registerOffset) const {
        if constexpr (kIsRenderImmediates) {
            commandList->SetGraphicsRoot32BitConstants(parameterIndex, rootConstantsLength,
                                                       rootConstantsData, registerOffset);
        } else {
            static_assert(kIsComputeImmediates);
            commandList->SetComputeRoot32BitConstants(parameterIndex, rootConstantsLength,
                                                      rootConstantsData, registerOffset);
        }
    }
};

}  // anonymous namespace

class DescriptorHeapState;

template <typename PipelineType>
class BindGroupStateTracker : public BindGroupTrackerBase<false> {
    using Base = BindGroupTrackerBase<false>;

  public:
    BindGroupStateTracker(Device* device, DescriptorHeapState* heapState)
        : Base(), mDevice(device), mHeapState(heapState) {}

    // A WebGPU pipeline layout can map to multiple D3D12 root signatures (PipelineLayoutHandles)
    // when pipelines enable different internal immediates. A different root signature invalidates
    // all bound descriptor tables and root constants, so the bindings cannot be inherited and must
    // be re-applied. Comparing handles is sufficient: equal handles imply the same pipeline layout.
    bool AreLayoutsCompatible() override {
        return mLastAppliedPipeline != nullptr &&
               LastAppliedPipeline()->GetPipelineLayoutHandle() ==
                   CurrentPipeline()->GetPipelineLayoutHandle();
    }

    MaybeError Apply(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext) {
        BeforeApply();

        ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();
        UpdateRootSignatureIfNecessary(commandList);

        PipelineLayout* pipelineLayout = ToBackend(mPipeline->GetLayout());
        const bool usesResourceTable = pipelineLayout->UsesResourceTable();
        auto* viewAllocator = mDevice->GetViewShaderVisibleDescriptorAllocator();
        auto* samplerAllocator = mDevice->GetSamplerShaderVisibleDescriptorAllocator();

        // ResourceTable and BindGroups are allocated in shader-visible descriptor heaps which are
        // managed by a ringbuffer owned by the allocator. There can be only a single shader-visible
        // descriptor heap of each type (CbvUavSrv and Sampler) bound at any given time. This means
        // that when we switch heaps, all other currently bound views/samplers must be re-populated
        // from ResourceTable and BindGroups. Populating the shader-visible heap can fail allocation
        // gracefully which is the signal to change the bounded heaps. Re-populating after the last
        // one fails causes duplicated allocations to occur on overflow.

        // Assume views/samplers will populate the current GPU heap. If either fail,
        // we allocate a larger heap and repopulate again.
        bool populatedViews = true;
        bool populatedSamplers = true;
        for (BindGroupIndex index : mDirtyBindGroups) {
            BindGroup* group = ToBackend(mBindGroups[index]);
            populatedViews = populatedViews && group->PopulateViews(viewAllocator);
            populatedSamplers = populatedSamplers && group->PopulateSamplers(samplerAllocator);
        }
        if (usesResourceTable) {
            DAWN_ASSERT(mResourceTable);
            // We don't track resource table dirtiness like we do for BindGroups, so always call
            // PopulateViews/Samplers. We also do this after bind groups because resource tables are
            // more likely to make the largest GPU sub-allocation, so if it returns false, we don't
            // waste extra time copying a large table to GPU heap memory twice.
            populatedViews = populatedViews && mResourceTable->PopulateViews(viewAllocator);
            populatedSamplers =
                populatedSamplers && mResourceTable->PopulateSamplers(samplerAllocator);
        }

        if (!populatedViews || !populatedSamplers) {
            // Compute the minimum number of descriptors needed to allocate in the GPU heaps
            // to ensure populating them succeeds.
            uint32_t minViewDescriptorCount = 0;
            uint32_t minSamplerDescriptorCount = 0;

            if (usesResourceTable) {
                minViewDescriptorCount += mResourceTable->GetViewDescriptorCount();
                minSamplerDescriptorCount += mResourceTable->GetSamplerDescriptorCount();
            }
            for (BindGroupIndex index : mBindGroupLayoutsMask) {
                BindGroupLayout* layout = ToBackend(mBindGroups[index]->GetLayout());
                minViewDescriptorCount += layout->GetCbvUavSrvDescriptorCount();
                minSamplerDescriptorCount += layout->GetSamplerDescriptorCount();
            }

            if (!populatedViews) {
                DAWN_TRY(viewAllocator->AllocateAndSwitchShaderVisibleHeap(minViewDescriptorCount));
            }

            if (!populatedSamplers) {
                DAWN_TRY(samplerAllocator->AllocateAndSwitchShaderVisibleHeap(
                    minSamplerDescriptorCount));
            }

            // Must be called before applying the bindgroups. This sets the descriptor heaps for
            // both render and compute pipelines. It also makes the bind groups dirty for both.
            SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(commandList);

            for (BindGroupIndex index : mBindGroupLayoutsMask) {
                BindGroup* group = ToBackend(mBindGroups[index]);
                populatedViews = group->PopulateViews(viewAllocator);
                populatedSamplers = group->PopulateSamplers(samplerAllocator);
                DAWN_ASSERT(populatedViews);
                DAWN_ASSERT(populatedSamplers);
            }
            if (usesResourceTable) {
                populatedViews = mResourceTable->PopulateViews(viewAllocator);
                populatedSamplers = mResourceTable->PopulateSamplers(samplerAllocator);
                DAWN_ASSERT(populatedViews);
                DAWN_ASSERT(populatedSamplers);
            }
        }

        // With the shader-visible heaps updated, we can now apply the ResourceTable and BindGroups
        // to the command list.

        for (BindGroupIndex index : mDirtyBindGroupsObjectChangedOrIsDynamic) {
            BindGroup* group = ToBackend(mBindGroups[index]);
            ApplyBindGroup(commandList, pipelineLayout, index, group, GetDynamicOffsets(index));
        }

        if (usesResourceTable) {
            // TODO(crbug.com/473354062): Only call apply if GPU sub-alloc changed to avoid setting
            // the same root descriptor table.
            ApplyResourceTable(commandList, pipelineLayout);
        }

        AfterApply();

        return {};
    }

    void ResetRootSamplerTables() { mBoundRootSamplerTables = {}; }

    void MarkBindGroupsDirty() {
        mDirtyBindGroupsObjectChangedOrIsDynamic |= mBindGroupLayoutsMask;
        mDirtyBindGroups |= mBindGroupLayoutsMask;
    }

    void SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList);

    void SetResourceTable(ResourceTable* resourceTable) { mResourceTable = resourceTable; }

    ResourceTable* GetResourceTable() { return mResourceTable; }

  private:
    enum class RootBufferViewType { CBV, SRV, UAV };

    static constexpr bool kIsRenderPipeline = std::is_same_v<PipelineType, RenderPipeline>;
    static constexpr bool kIsComputePipeline = std::is_same_v<PipelineType, ComputePipeline>;

    // The base tracks the pipeline as a PipelineBase*; recover the backend pipeline type. The
    // dynamic type is always PipelineType because OnSetPipeline is only ever called with one.
    PipelineType* CurrentPipeline() const { return static_cast<PipelineType*>(mPipeline); }
    PipelineType* LastAppliedPipeline() const {
        return static_cast<PipelineType*>(mLastAppliedPipeline);
    }

    void SetRootSignature(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(mPipeline != nullptr);
        ID3D12RootSignature* rootSignature =
            CurrentPipeline()->GetPipelineLayoutHandle()->GetRootSignature();
        if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
            commandList->SetGraphicsRootSignature(rootSignature);
        } else {
            static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
            commandList->SetComputeRootSignature(rootSignature);
        }
    }

    void SetRootBufferView(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                           wgpu::BufferBindingType bindingType,
                           uint32_t parameterIndex,
                           const D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS& bufferLocation) {
        switch (bindingType) {
            case wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform:
                if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
                    commandList->SetGraphicsRootConstantBufferView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                } else {
                    static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
                    commandList->SetComputeRootConstantBufferView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                }
                break;
            case wgpu::BufferBindingType::Storage:
            case kInternalStorageBufferBinding:
                if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
                    commandList->SetGraphicsRootUnorderedAccessView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                } else {
                    static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
                    commandList->SetComputeRootUnorderedAccessView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                }
                break;
            case wgpu::BufferBindingType::ReadOnlyStorage:
            case kInternalReadOnlyStorageBufferBinding:
                if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
                    commandList->SetGraphicsRootShaderResourceView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                } else {
                    static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
                    commandList->SetComputeRootShaderResourceView(parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
                }
                break;
            case wgpu::BufferBindingType::BindingNotUsed:
            case wgpu::BufferBindingType::Undefined:
                DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
        }
    }

    void SetRootDescriptorTable(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                                uint32_t parameterIndex,
                                const D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE& baseDescriptor) {
        if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
            commandList->SetGraphicsRootDescriptorTable(parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
        } else {
            static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
            commandList->SetComputeRootDescriptorTable(parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
        }
    }

    void SetRootConstant(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                         uint32_t parameterIndex,
                         uint32_t rootConstantsLength,
                         const void* rootConstantsData,
                         uint32_t registerOffset) {
        if constexpr (kIsRenderPipeline) {
            commandList->SetGraphicsRoot32BitConstants(parameterIndex, rootConstantsLength,
                                                       rootConstantsData, registerOffset);
        } else {
            static_assert(kIsComputePipeline);
            commandList->SetComputeRoot32BitConstants(parameterIndex, rootConstantsLength,
                                                      rootConstantsData, registerOffset);
        }
    }

    void UpdateRootSignatureIfNecessary(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList) {
        if (!AreLayoutsCompatible()) {
            SetRootSignature(commandList);
            // Invalidate the root sampler tables previously set in the root signature.
            ResetRootSamplerTables();
        }
    }

    void ApplyResourceTable(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                            const PipelineLayout* pipelineLayout) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(pipelineLayout->UsesResourceTable() && mResourceTable);

        // Set the root descriptor table that contains both the metadata buffer and textures/buffers
        {
            uint32_t parameterIndex = pipelineLayout->GetResourceTableCbvUavSrvRootParameterIndex();
            const D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor =
                mResourceTable->GetBaseViewDescriptor();
            SetRootDescriptorTable(commandList, parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
        }

        // Set the root descriptor table that contains samplers
        {
            uint32_t parameterIndex = pipelineLayout->GetResourceTableSamplerRootParameterIndex();
            const D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor =
                mResourceTable->GetBaseSamplerDescriptor();
            SetRootDescriptorTable(commandList, parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
        }
    }

    void ApplyBindGroup(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList,
                        const PipelineLayout* pipelineLayout,
                        BindGroupIndex index,
                        BindGroup* group,
                        const ityp::span<BindingIndex, uint32_t>& dynamicOffsets) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(dynamicOffsets.size() == group->GetLayout()->GetDynamicBufferCount());

        // Usually, the application won't set the same offsets many times,
        // so always try to apply dynamic offsets even if the offsets stay the same.
        BindGroupLayout* bgl = ToBackend(group->GetLayout());
        std::vector<uint32_t> storageBufferDynamicOffsets;
        for (BindingIndex bindingIndex{0u}; bindingIndex < dynamicOffsets.size(); ++bindingIndex) {
            // Note that the order of indices in dynamicOffsets corresponds to the order of
            // dynamic resource bindings in the BGL by binding number. Because the BGL packs
            // (uniform and storage) dynamic buffers at the front, and are sorted by binding
            // number, we can retrieve them in the right order via the dynamicOffsets index.
            const BindingInfo& bindingInfo = group->GetLayout()->GetBindingInfo(bindingIndex);
            if (bindingInfo.visibility == wgpu::ShaderStage::None) {
                // Skip dynamic buffers that are not visible. D3D12 does not have None
                // visibility.
                continue;
            }

            if (bgl->IsStorageBufferBinding(bindingIndex)) {
                // Dynamic storage buffers are already bound to the root descriptor table, and
                // only need the dynamic offsets updated in root constants.
                // Collect the offsets so we can set the root constants after the loop.
                storageBufferDynamicOffsets.push_back(dynamicOffsets[bindingIndex]);
            } else {
                // Set dynamic uniform buffer root descriptor
                uint32_t parameterIndex =
                    pipelineLayout->GetDynamicUniformRootParameterIndex(index, bindingIndex);
                BufferBinding binding = group->GetBindingAsBufferBinding(bindingIndex);

                // Calculate buffer locations that root descriptors links to. The location
                // is (base buffer location + initial offset + dynamic offset)
                uint64_t dynamicOffset = dynamicOffsets[bindingIndex];
                uint64_t offset = binding.offset + dynamicOffset;
                D3D12_GPU_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS bufferLocation =
                    ToBackend(binding.buffer)->GetVA() + offset;

                SetRootBufferView(commandList,
                                  std::get<BufferBindingInfo>(bindingInfo.bindingLayout).type,
                                  parameterIndex, bufferLocation);
            }

            if (!storageBufferDynamicOffsets.empty()) {
                uint32_t firstRegisterOffset =
                    pipelineLayout->GetDynamicStorageBufferInfo()[index].firstRegisterOffset;
                uint32_t offsetsParameterIndex =
                    pipelineLayout->GetDynamicStorageBufferOffsetsParameterIndex();
                SetRootConstant(commandList, offsetsParameterIndex,
                                storageBufferDynamicOffsets.size(),
                                storageBufferDynamicOffsets.data(), firstRegisterOffset);
            }
        }

        // It's not necessary to update descriptor tables if only the dynamic offset changed.
        if (!mDirtyBindGroups[index]) {
            return;
        }

        const uint32_t cbvUavSrvCount =
            ToBackend(group->GetLayout())->GetCbvUavSrvDescriptorCount();
        const uint32_t samplerCount = ToBackend(group->GetLayout())->GetSamplerDescriptorCount();

        if (cbvUavSrvCount > 0) {
            uint32_t parameterIndex = pipelineLayout->GetCbvUavSrvRootParameterIndex(index);
            const D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor = group->GetBaseViewDescriptor();
            SetRootDescriptorTable(commandList, parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
        }

        if (samplerCount > 0) {
            uint32_t parameterIndex = pipelineLayout->GetSamplerRootParameterIndex(index);
            const D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor = group->GetBaseSamplerDescriptor();
            // Check if the group requires its sampler table to be set in the pipeline.
            // This because sampler heap allocations could be cached and use the same table.
            if (mBoundRootSamplerTables[index].ptr != baseDescriptor.ptr) {
                SetRootDescriptorTable(commandList, parameterIndex, baseDescriptor);
                mBoundRootSamplerTables[index] = baseDescriptor;
            }
        }

        // Update dynamic storage buffer root constants: lengths and offsets
        const auto& dynamicStorageBufferLengths = group->GetDynamicStorageBufferLengths();
        if (!dynamicStorageBufferLengths.empty()) {
            // Both lengths and offsets use the same register offsets
            uint32_t firstRegisterOffset =
                pipelineLayout->GetDynamicStorageBufferInfo()[index].firstRegisterOffset;

            uint32_t lengthsParameterIndex =
                pipelineLayout->GetDynamicStorageBufferLengthsParameterIndex();
            SetRootConstant(commandList, lengthsParameterIndex, dynamicStorageBufferLengths.size(),
                            dynamicStorageBufferLengths.data(), firstRegisterOffset);
        }
    }

    raw_ptr<Device> mDevice;

    // Points to the same instance of DescriptorHeapState that owns both the compute and render
    // instances of this class, so that calling SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps one one sets the descriptor
    // heaps for both.
    raw_ptr<DescriptorHeapState> mHeapState;
    raw_ptr<ResourceTable> mResourceTable = nullptr;

    PerBindGroup<D3D12_GPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE> mBoundRootSamplerTables = {};
};

// Owns both BindGroupStateTrackers for compute and render, ensuring that when one of them sets
// descriptor heaps, it sets both of them.
class DescriptorHeapState {
  public:
    explicit DescriptorHeapState(Device* device)
        : mDevice(device),
          mComputeBindingTracker(device, this),
          mGraphicsBindingTracker(device, this) {}

    void SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(commandList != nullptr);
        std::array<ID3D12DescriptorHeap*, 2> descriptorHeaps = {
            mDevice->GetViewShaderVisibleDescriptorAllocator()->GetShaderVisibleHeap(),
            mDevice->GetSamplerShaderVisibleDescriptorAllocator()->GetShaderVisibleHeap()};
        DAWN_ASSERT(descriptorHeaps[0] != nullptr);
        DAWN_ASSERT(descriptorHeaps[1] != nullptr);
        commandList->SetDescriptorHeaps(static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorHeaps.size()),
                                        descriptorHeaps.data());

        // Descriptor table state is undefined at the beginning of a command list and after
        // descriptor heaps are changed on a command list. Invalidate the root sampler tables to
        // reset the root descriptor table for samplers, otherwise the shader cannot access the
        // descriptor heaps.
        mComputeBindingTracker.ResetRootSamplerTables();
        mGraphicsBindingTracker.ResetRootSamplerTables();

        // Mark the bind groups as dirty on both trackers to make sure the next Apply() on either
        // pipeline repopulates using the new heaps.
        mComputeBindingTracker.MarkBindGroupsDirty();
        mGraphicsBindingTracker.MarkBindGroupsDirty();
    }

    BindGroupStateTracker<ComputePipeline>* GetComputeBindingTracker() {
        return &mComputeBindingTracker;
    }
    BindGroupStateTracker<RenderPipeline>* GetGraphicsBindingTracker() {
        return &mGraphicsBindingTracker;
    }

  private:
    raw_ptr<Device> mDevice;
    BindGroupStateTracker<ComputePipeline> mComputeBindingTracker;
    BindGroupStateTracker<RenderPipeline> mGraphicsBindingTracker;
};

template <typename PipelineType>
void BindGroupStateTracker<PipelineType>::SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList) {
    mHeapState->SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(commandList);
}

namespace {
class VertexBufferTracker {
  public:
    void OnSetVertexBuffer(VertexBufferSlot slot, Buffer* buffer, uint64_t offset, uint64_t size) {
        mStartSlot = std::min(mStartSlot, slot);
        mEndSlot = std::max(mEndSlot, slot.PlusOne());

        auto* d3d12BufferView = &mD3D12BufferViews[slot];
        d3d12BufferView->BufferLocation = buffer->GetVA() + offset;
        d3d12BufferView->SizeInBytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(size);
        // The bufferView stride is set based on the vertex state before a draw.
    }

    void Apply(ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList, const RenderPipeline* renderPipeline) {
        DAWN_ASSERT(renderPipeline != nullptr);

        VertexBufferSlot startSlot = mStartSlot;
        VertexBufferSlot endSlot = mEndSlot;

        // If the vertex state has changed, we need to update the StrideInBytes
        // for the D3D12 buffer views. We also need to extend the dirty range to
        // touch all these slots because the stride may have changed.
        if (mLastAppliedRenderPipeline != renderPipeline) {
            mLastAppliedRenderPipeline = renderPipeline;

            for (VertexBufferSlot slot : renderPipeline->GetVertexBuffersUsed()) {
                startSlot = std::min(startSlot, slot);
                endSlot = std::max(endSlot, slot.PlusOne());
                mD3D12BufferViews[slot].StrideInBytes =
                    static_cast<uint32_t>(renderPipeline->GetVertexBuffer(slot).arrayStride);
            }
        }

        if (endSlot <= startSlot) {
            return;
        }

        // mD3D12BufferViews is kept up to date with the most recent data passed
        // to SetVertexBuffer. This makes it correct to only track the start
        // and end of the dirty range. When Apply is called,
        // we will at worst set non-dirty vertex buffers in duplicate.
        commandList->IASetVertexBuffers(static_cast<uint8_t>(startSlot),
                                        static_cast<uint8_t>(endSlot - startSlot),
                                        &mD3D12BufferViews[startSlot]);

        mStartSlot = kMaxVertexBuffersTyped;
        mEndSlot = {};
    }

  private:
    // startSlot and endSlot indicate the range of dirty vertex buffers.
    // If there are multiple calls to SetVertexBuffer, the start and end
    // represent the union of the dirty ranges (the union may have non-dirty
    // data in the middle of the range).
    raw_ptr<const RenderPipeline> mLastAppliedRenderPipeline = nullptr;
    VertexBufferSlot mStartSlot{kMaxVertexBuffers};
    VertexBufferSlot mEndSlot{};
    PerVertexBuffer<D3D12_VERTEX_BUFFER_VIEW> mD3D12BufferViews = {};
};

MaybeError EnsureResolveTargetInitialized(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                          BeginRenderPassCmd* renderPass) {
    DAWN_ASSERT(renderPass != nullptr);

    for (ColorAttachmentIndex i : renderPass->attachmentState->GetColorAttachmentsMask()) {
        TextureViewBase* resolveTarget = renderPass->colorAttachments[i].resolveTarget.Get();
        if (resolveTarget == nullptr) {
            continue;
        }

        if (renderPass->resolveRect.HasValue() &&
            renderPass->resolveRect.updateWidth != renderPass->width &&
            renderPass->resolveRect.updateHeight != renderPass->height) {
            // The resolve texture also has `RenderAttachment` usage but if there is a
            // resolve rect, the texture would only be partially filled. In this case we
            // need to initialize the texture otherwise the regions outside the resolve
            // rect would contain undefined pixels.
            Texture* resolveTexture = ToBackend(resolveTarget->GetTexture());
            DAWN_TRY(resolveTexture->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(
                commandContext, resolveTexture->GetAllSubresources()));
        }
    }
    return {};
}

void ResolveMultisampledRenderPass(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                   BeginRenderPassCmd* renderPass) {
    DAWN_ASSERT(renderPass != nullptr);

    for (ColorAttachmentIndex i : renderPass->attachmentState->GetColorAttachmentsMask()) {
        TextureViewBase* resolveTarget = renderPass->colorAttachments[i].resolveTarget.Get();
        if (resolveTarget == nullptr) {
            continue;
        }

        TextureViewBase* colorView = renderPass->colorAttachments[i].view.Get();
        Texture* colorTexture = ToBackend(colorView->GetTexture());
        Texture* resolveTexture = ToBackend(resolveTarget->GetTexture());

        // Transition the usages of the color attachment.
        colorTexture->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(
            commandContext, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_SOURCE, colorView->GetSubresourceRange());

        ID3D12Resource* colorTextureHandle = colorTexture->GetD3D12Resource();
        ID3D12Resource* resolveTextureHandle = resolveTexture->GetD3D12Resource();
        const uint32_t resolveTextureSubresourceIndex = resolveTexture->GetSubresourceIndex(
            resolveTarget->GetBaseMipLevel(), resolveTarget->GetBaseArrayLayer(), Aspect::Color);
        constexpr uint32_t kColorTextureSubresourceIndex = 0;
        // Use ResolveSubresource when there is no resolveRect so we don't have to specify the extra
        // information ResolveSubresourceRegion requires.
        if (renderPass->resolveRect.HasValue()) {
            D3D12_RECT pSrcRect = {static_cast<int32_t>(renderPass->resolveRect.colorOffsetX),
                                   static_cast<int32_t>(renderPass->resolveRect.colorOffsetY),
                                   static_cast<int32_t>(renderPass->resolveRect.colorOffsetX +
                                                        renderPass->resolveRect.updateWidth),
                                   static_cast<int32_t>(renderPass->resolveRect.colorOffsetY +
                                                        renderPass->resolveRect.updateHeight)};
            commandContext->GetCommandList1()->ResolveSubresourceRegion(
                resolveTextureHandle, resolveTextureSubresourceIndex,
                renderPass->resolveRect.resolveOffsetX, renderPass->resolveRect.resolveOffsetY,
                colorTextureHandle, kColorTextureSubresourceIndex, &pSrcRect,
                colorTexture->GetD3D12Format(), D3D12_RESOLVE_MODE_AVERAGE);
        } else {
            commandContext->GetCommandList()->ResolveSubresource(
                resolveTextureHandle, resolveTextureSubresourceIndex, colorTextureHandle,
                kColorTextureSubresourceIndex, colorTexture->GetD3D12Format());
        }
    }
}

}  // anonymous namespace

// static
Ref<CommandBuffer> CommandBuffer::Create(CommandEncoder* encoder,
                                         const CommandBufferDescriptor* descriptor) {
    return AcquireRef(new CommandBuffer(encoder, descriptor));
}

CommandBuffer::CommandBuffer(CommandEncoder* encoder, const CommandBufferDescriptor* descriptor)
    : CommandBufferBase(encoder, descriptor) {}

MaybeError CommandBuffer::RecordCommands(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext) {
    Device* device = ToBackend(GetDevice());

    DescriptorHeapState descriptorHeapState(device);
    // Make sure we use the correct descriptors for this command list. Could be done once per
    // actual command list but here is ok because there should be few command buffers.
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();
    descriptorHeapState.SetID3D12DescriptorHeaps(commandList);

    PassIndex nextComputePassNumber{0u};
    PassIndex nextRenderPassNumber{0u};

    Command type;
    while (mCommands.NextCommandId(&type)) {
        switch (type) {
            case Command::BeginComputePass: {
                BeginComputePassCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<BeginComputePassCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(RecordComputePass(
                    commandContext, descriptorHeapState.GetComputeBindingTracker(), cmd,
                    GetResourceUsages().computePasses[nextComputePassNumber]));

                nextComputePassNumber++;
                break;
            }

            case Command::BeginRenderPass: {
                BeginRenderPassCmd* beginRenderPassCmd =
                    mCommands.NextCommand<BeginRenderPassCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(EnsureResolveTargetInitialized(commandContext, beginRenderPassCmd));

                bool passHasUAV;
                DAWN_TRY(TransitionAndClearForSyncScope(
                    commandContext, GetResourceUsages().renderPasses[nextRenderPassNumber],
                    &passHasUAV));

                DAWN_TRY(LazyClearRenderPassAttachments(
                    device, beginRenderPassCmd,
                    [&](TextureBase* texture, const SubresourceRange& range) {
                        return ToBackend(texture)->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(
                            commandContext, range);
                    }));

                DAWN_TRY(RecordRenderPass(commandContext,
                                          descriptorHeapState.GetGraphicsBindingTracker(),
                                          beginRenderPassCmd, nextRenderPassNumber, passHasUAV));

                nextRenderPassNumber++;
                break;
            }

            case Command::CopyBufferToBuffer: {
                CopyBufferToBufferCmd* copy = mCommands.NextCommand<CopyBufferToBufferCmd>();
                if (copy->size == 0) {
                    // Skip no-op copies.
                    break;
                }
                Buffer* srcBuffer = ToBackend(copy->source.Get());
                Buffer* dstBuffer = ToBackend(copy->destination.Get());

                DAWN_TRY(srcBuffer->EnsureDataInitialized(commandContext));
                [[maybe_unused]] bool cleared;
                DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(cleared, dstBuffer->EnsureDataInitializedAsDestination(
                                             commandContext, copy->destinationOffset, copy->size));

                srcBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc);
                dstBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);

                if (CanUseCopyResource(copy)) {
                    commandList->CopyResource(dstBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                              srcBuffer->GetD3D12Resource());
                } else {
                    commandList->CopyBufferRegion(
                        dstBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(), copy->destinationOffset,
                        srcBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(), copy->sourceOffset, copy->size);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::CopyBufferToTexture: {
                CopyBufferToTextureCmd* copy = mCommands.NextCommand<CopyBufferToTextureCmd>();
                if (copy->copySize.IsEmpty()) {
                    // Skip no-op copies.
                    continue;
                }
                Buffer* buffer = ToBackend(copy->source.buffer.Get());
                Texture* texture = ToBackend(copy->destination.texture.Get());

                DAWN_TRY(buffer->EnsureDataInitialized(commandContext));

                SubresourceRange subresources =
                    GetSubresourcesAffectedByCopy(copy->destination, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D());

                if (IsCompleteSubresourceCopiedTo(texture, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D(),
                                                  copy->destination.mipLevel,
                                                  copy->destination.aspect)) {
                    texture->SetIsSubresourceContentInitialized(true, subresources);
                } else {
                    DAWN_TRY(
                        texture->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(commandContext, subresources));
                }

                buffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopySrc);
                texture->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::TextureUsage::CopyDst,
                                                    subresources);

                const TypedTexelBlockInfo& blockInfo = GetBlockInfo(copy->destination);
                if (ShouldCopyUsingTemporaryBuffer(GetDevice(), copy->source, copy->destination)) {
                    DAWN_TRY(RecordBufferTextureCopyWithTemporaryBuffer(
                        commandContext, BufferTextureCopyDirection::B2T, copy->source,
                        copy->destination, blockInfo.ToBlock(copy->copySize)));
                    break;
                }
                RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::B2T, commandList, copy->source,
                                        copy->destination, blockInfo.ToBlock(copy->copySize));

                break;
            }

            case Command::CopyTextureToBuffer: {
                CopyTextureToBufferCmd* copy = mCommands.NextCommand<CopyTextureToBufferCmd>();
                if (copy->copySize.IsEmpty()) {
                    // Skip no-op copies.
                    continue;
                }
                Texture* texture = ToBackend(copy->source.texture.Get());
                Buffer* buffer = ToBackend(copy->destination.buffer.Get());

                DAWN_TRY(buffer->EnsureDataInitializedAsDestination(commandContext, copy));

                SubresourceRange subresources =
                    GetSubresourcesAffectedByCopy(copy->source, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D());

                DAWN_TRY(
                    texture->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(commandContext, subresources));

                texture->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc,
                                                    subresources);
                buffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);

                const TypedTexelBlockInfo& blockInfo = GetBlockInfo(copy->source);
                if (ShouldCopyUsingTemporaryBuffer(GetDevice(), copy->destination, copy->source)) {
                    DAWN_TRY(RecordBufferTextureCopyWithTemporaryBuffer(
                        commandContext, BufferTextureCopyDirection::T2B, copy->destination,
                        copy->source, blockInfo.ToBlock(copy->copySize)));
                    break;
                }
                RecordBufferTextureCopy(BufferTextureCopyDirection::T2B, commandList,
                                        copy->destination, copy->source,
                                        blockInfo.ToBlock(copy->copySize));

                break;
            }

            case Command::CopyTextureToTexture: {
                CopyTextureToTextureCmd* copy = mCommands.NextCommand<CopyTextureToTextureCmd>();
                if (copy->copySize.IsEmpty()) {
                    // Skip no-op copies.
                    continue;
                }
                Texture* source = ToBackend(copy->source.texture.Get());
                Texture* destination = ToBackend(copy->destination.texture.Get());

                SubresourceRange srcRange =
                    GetSubresourcesAffectedByCopy(copy->source, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D());
                SubresourceRange dstRange =
                    GetSubresourcesAffectedByCopy(copy->destination, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D());

                DAWN_TRY(source->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(commandContext, srcRange));
                if (IsCompleteSubresourceCopiedTo(destination, copy->copySize.ToExtent3D(),
                                                  copy->destination.mipLevel,
                                                  copy->destination.aspect)) {
                    destination->SetIsSubresourceContentInitialized(true, dstRange);
                } else {
                    DAWN_TRY(
                        destination->EnsureSubresourceContentInitialized(commandContext, dstRange));
                }

                if (copy->source.texture.Get() == copy->destination.texture.Get() &&
                    copy->source.mipLevel == copy->destination.mipLevel) {
                    // When there are overlapped subresources, the layout of the overlapped
                    // subresources should all be COMMON instead of what we set now. Currently
                    // it is not allowed to copy with overlapped subresources, but we still
                    // add the DAWN_ASSERT here as a reminder for this possible misuse.
                    DAWN_ASSERT(!IsRangeOverlapped(copy->source.origin.z,
                                                   copy->destination.origin.z,
                                                   copy->copySize.depthOrArrayLayers));
                }
                source->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc,
                                                   srcRange);
                destination->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext, wgpu::TextureUsage::CopyDst,
                                                        dstRange);

                DAWN_ASSERT(srcRange.aspects == dstRange.aspects);
                if (ShouldCopyUsingTemporaryBuffer(GetDevice(), copy->source, copy->destination)) {
                    const TypedTexelBlockInfo& blockInfo = GetBlockInfo(copy->destination);
                    DAWN_TRY(RecordCopyTextureWithTemporaryBuffer(
                        commandContext, copy->source, copy->destination,
                        blockInfo.ToBlock(copy->copySize)));
                    break;
                }

                if (CanUseCopyResource(copy->source, copy->destination, copy->copySize)) {
                    commandList->CopyResource(destination->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                              source->GetD3D12Resource());
                } else if (source->GetDimension() == wgpu::TextureDimension::e3D &&
                           destination->GetDimension() == wgpu::TextureDimension::e3D) {
                    for (Aspect aspect : IterateEnumMask(srcRange.aspects)) {
                        D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION srcLocation =
                            ComputeTextureCopyLocationForTexture(source, copy->source.mipLevel, 0,
                                                                 aspect);
                        D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION dstLocation =
                            ComputeTextureCopyLocationForTexture(
                                destination, copy->destination.mipLevel, 0, aspect);

                        D3D12_BOX sourceRegion =
                            ComputeD3D12BoxFromOffsetAndSize(copy->source.origin, copy->copySize);

                        commandList->CopyTextureRegion(
                            &dstLocation, dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.x),
                            dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.y),
                            dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.z), &srcLocation,
                            &sourceRegion);
                    }
                } else {
                    const TexelExtent3D copyExtentOneSlice = {
                        copy->copySize.width, copy->copySize.height, TexelCount{1u}};

                    for (Aspect aspect : IterateEnumMask(srcRange.aspects)) {
                        for (TexelCount z{0u}; z < copy->copySize.depthOrArrayLayers; ++z) {
                            uint32_t sourceLayer = 0;
                            TexelCount sourceZ{0u};
                            switch (source->GetDimension()) {
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::Undefined:
                                    DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e1D:
                                    DAWN_ASSERT(copy->source.origin.z == TexelCount{0u});
                                    break;
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D:
                                    sourceLayer =
                                        dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->source.origin.z + z);
                                    break;
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e3D:
                                    sourceZ = copy->source.origin.z + z;
                                    break;
                            }

                            uint32_t destinationLayer = 0;
                            TexelCount destinationZ{0u};
                            switch (destination->GetDimension()) {
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::Undefined:
                                    DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e1D:
                                    DAWN_ASSERT(copy->destination.origin.z == TexelCount{0u});
                                    break;
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D:
                                    destinationLayer =
                                        dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.z + z);
                                    break;
                                case wgpu::TextureDimension::e3D:
                                    destinationZ = copy->destination.origin.z + z;
                                    break;
                            }
                            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION srcLocation =
                                ComputeTextureCopyLocationForTexture(source, copy->source.mipLevel,
                                                                     sourceLayer, aspect);

                            D3D12_TEXTURE_COPY_LOCATION dstLocation =
                                ComputeTextureCopyLocationForTexture(destination,
                                                                     copy->destination.mipLevel,
                                                                     destinationLayer, aspect);

                            TexelOrigin3D sourceOriginInSubresource = copy->source.origin;
                            sourceOriginInSubresource.z = sourceZ;
                            D3D12_BOX sourceRegion = ComputeD3D12BoxFromOffsetAndSize(
                                sourceOriginInSubresource, copyExtentOneSlice);

                            commandList->CopyTextureRegion(
                                &dstLocation, dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.x),
                                dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(copy->destination.origin.y),
                                dchecked_cast<uint32_t>(destinationZ), &srcLocation, &sourceRegion);
                        }
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::ClearBuffer: {
                ClearBufferCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<ClearBufferCmd>();
                if (cmd->size == 0) {
                    // Skip no-op fills.
                    break;
                }
                Buffer* dstBuffer = ToBackend(cmd->buffer.Get());

                bool clearedToZero;
                DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(clearedToZero, dstBuffer->EnsureDataInitializedAsDestination(
                                                   commandContext, cmd->offset, cmd->size));

                if (!clearedToZero) {
                    DAWN_TRY(device->ClearBufferToZero(commandContext, cmd->buffer.Get(),
                                                       cmd->offset, cmd->size));
                }

                break;
            }

            case Command::ResolveQuerySet: {
                ResolveQuerySetCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<ResolveQuerySetCmd>();
                QuerySet* querySet = ToBackend(cmd->querySet.Get());
                Buffer* destination = ToBackend(cmd->destination.Get());

                [[maybe_unused]] bool cleared;
                DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(cleared, destination->EnsureDataInitializedAsDestination(
                                             commandContext, cmd->destinationOffset,
                                             ToQueryStorageSize(cmd->queryCount)));

                // Resolving unavailable queries is undefined behaviour on D3D12, we only can
                // resolve the available part of sparse queries. In order to resolve the
                // unavailables as 0s, we need to clear the resolving region of the destination
                // buffer to 0s.
                bool clearNeeded =
                    !querySet->AreAllQueriesAvailable(cmd->firstQuery, cmd->queryCount);

                // Workaround for resolving overlapping queries to a same buffer on Intel Gen12 GPUs
                // due to D3D12 driver issue.
                // See http://crbug.com/dawn/1546 for more information.
                clearNeeded |= device->IsToggleEnabled(Toggle::ClearBufferBeforeResolveQueries);

                if (clearNeeded) {
                    DAWN_TRY(device->ClearBufferToZero(commandContext, destination,
                                                       cmd->destinationOffset,
                                                       ToQueryStorageSize(cmd->queryCount)));
                }

                destination->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext,
                                                        wgpu::BufferUsage::QueryResolve);

                RecordResolveQuerySetCmd(commandList, device, querySet, cmd->firstQuery,
                                         cmd->queryCount, destination, cmd->destinationOffset);

                break;
            }

            case Command::WriteTimestamp: {
                WriteTimestampCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<WriteTimestampCmd>();

                RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, cmd->querySet.Get(), cmd->queryIndex);

                UpdateQueryAvailability(cmd);
                break;
            }

            case Command::InsertDebugMarker: {
                InsertDebugMarkerCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<InsertDebugMarkerCmd>();
                const char* label = mCommands.NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixSetMarkerOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PopDebugGroup: {
                mCommands.NextCommand<PopDebugGroupCmd>();

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->pixEndEventOnCommandList(commandList);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PushDebugGroup: {
                PushDebugGroupCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<PushDebugGroupCmd>();
                const char* label = mCommands.NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixBeginEventOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::WriteBuffer: {
                WriteBufferCmd* write = mCommands.NextCommand<WriteBufferCmd>();
                const uint64_t offset = write->offset;
                const uint64_t size = write->size;
                uint8_t* data = mCommands.NextData<uint8_t>(size);

                if (size == 0) {
                    continue;
                }

                Buffer* dstBuffer = ToBackend(write->buffer.Get());

                DAWN_TRY(device->GetDynamicUploader()->WithUploadReservation(
                    size, kCopyBufferToBufferOffsetAlignment,
                    [&](UploadReservation reservation) -> MaybeError {
                        DAWN_UNSAFE_TODO(memcpy(reservation.mappedPointer, data, size));
                        [[maybe_unused]] bool cleared;
                        DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(cleared, dstBuffer->EnsureDataInitializedAsDestination(
                                                     commandContext, offset, size));

                        dstBuffer->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(commandContext,
                                                              wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst);
                        commandList->CopyBufferRegion(
                            dstBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(), offset,
                            ToBackend(reservation.buffer.Get())->GetD3D12Resource(),
                            reservation.offsetInBuffer, size);
                        return {};
                    }));
                break;
            }

            default:
                DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
        }
    }

    return {};
}

MaybeError CommandBuffer::RecordComputePass(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                            BindGroupStateTracker<ComputePipeline>* bindingTracker,
                                            BeginComputePassCmd* computePass,
                                            const ComputePassResourceUsage& resourceUsages) {
    uint64_t currentDispatch = 0;
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();

    // Write timestamp at the beginning of compute pass if it's set.
    if (computePass->timestampWrites.beginningOfPassWriteIndex != kQuerySetIndexUndefinedTyped) {
        RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, computePass->timestampWrites.querySet.Get(),
                                computePass->timestampWrites.beginningOfPassWriteIndex);
    }

    Command type;
    ComputePipeline* lastPipeline = nullptr;
    ImmediateTracker<ComputeImmediatesTracker> immediates = {};
    while (mCommands.NextCommandId(&type)) {
        switch (type) {
            case Command::Dispatch: {
                DispatchCmd* dispatch = mCommands.NextCommand<DispatchCmd>();

                const SyncScopeResourceUsage& scope =
                    resourceUsages.dispatchUsages[currentDispatch++];

                // Skip noop dispatches, it can cause D3D12 warning from validation layers and
                // leads to device lost.
                if (dispatch->x == 0 || dispatch->y == 0 || dispatch->z == 0) {
                    break;
                }

                DAWN_TRY(TransitionAndClearForSyncScope(commandContext, scope));
                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                immediates.SetNumWorkgroups(dispatch->x, dispatch->y, dispatch->z);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                commandList->Dispatch(dispatch->x, dispatch->y, dispatch->z);
                break;
            }

            case Command::DispatchIndirect: {
                DispatchIndirectCmd* dispatch = mCommands.NextCommand<DispatchIndirectCmd>();

                const SyncScopeResourceUsage& scope =
                    resourceUsages.dispatchUsages[currentDispatch++];

                DAWN_TRY(TransitionAndClearForSyncScope(commandContext, scope));
                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                ComPtr<ID3D12CommandSignature> signature =
                    lastPipeline->GetDispatchIndirectCommandSignature();
                commandList->ExecuteIndirect(
                    signature.Get(), 1,
                    ToBackend(dispatch->indirectBuffer.Get())->GetD3D12Resource(),
                    dispatch->indirectOffset, nullptr, 0);
                break;
            }

            case Command::EndComputePass: {
                mCommands.NextCommand<EndComputePassCmd>();

                // Write timestamp at the end of compute pass if it's set.
                if (computePass->timestampWrites.endOfPassWriteIndex !=
                    kQuerySetIndexUndefinedTyped) {
                    RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList,
                                            computePass->timestampWrites.querySet.Get(),
                                            computePass->timestampWrites.endOfPassWriteIndex);
                }

                UpdateQueryAvailability(computePass->timestampWrites);
                return {};
            }

            case Command::SetComputePipeline: {
                SetComputePipelineCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetComputePipelineCmd>();
                ComputePipeline* pipeline = ToBackend(cmd->pipeline.Get());

                commandList->SetPipelineState(pipeline->GetPipelineState());

                bindingTracker->OnSetPipeline(pipeline);
                immediates.OnSetPipeline(pipeline);
                lastPipeline = pipeline;
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetBindGroup: {
                SetBindGroupCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetBindGroupCmd>();
                BindGroup* group = ToBackend(cmd->group.Get());
                uint32_t* dynamicOffsets = nullptr;

                if (cmd->dynamicOffsetCount > 0) {
                    dynamicOffsets = mCommands.NextData<uint32_t>(cmd->dynamicOffsetCount);
                }

                bindingTracker->OnSetBindGroup(cmd->index, group, cmd->dynamicOffsetCount,
                                               dynamicOffsets);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetImmediates: {
                SetImmediatesCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetImmediatesCmd>();
                DAWN_ASSERT(cmd->size > 0);
                uint8_t* value = mCommands.NextData<uint8_t>(cmd->size);
                immediates.SetImmediates(cmd->offset, value, cmd->size);
                break;
            }

            case Command::InsertDebugMarker: {
                InsertDebugMarkerCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<InsertDebugMarkerCmd>();
                const char* label = mCommands.NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixSetMarkerOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PopDebugGroup: {
                mCommands.NextCommand<PopDebugGroupCmd>();

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->pixEndEventOnCommandList(commandList);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PushDebugGroup: {
                PushDebugGroupCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<PushDebugGroupCmd>();
                const char* label = mCommands.NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixBeginEventOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::WriteTimestamp: {
                WriteTimestampCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<WriteTimestampCmd>();

                RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, cmd->querySet.Get(), cmd->queryIndex);

                UpdateQueryAvailability(cmd);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetResourceTable: {
                SetResourceTableCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetResourceTableCmd>();
                bindingTracker->SetResourceTable(ToBackend(cmd->table.Get()));
                break;
            }

            default:
                DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
        }
    }

    return {};
}

MaybeError CommandBuffer::SetupRenderPass(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                          BeginRenderPassCmd* renderPass,
                                          RenderPassBuilder* renderPassBuilder) {
    Device* device = ToBackend(GetDevice());

    CPUDescriptorHeapAllocation nullRTVAllocation;
    D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE nullRTV;

    const auto& colorAttachmentsMaskBitSet = renderPass->attachmentState->GetColorAttachmentsMask();
    for (auto i : Range(kMaxColorAttachmentsTyped)) {
        if (colorAttachmentsMaskBitSet.test(i)) {
            RenderPassColorAttachmentInfo& attachmentInfo = renderPass->colorAttachments[i];
            TextureView* view = ToBackend(attachmentInfo.view.Get());

            // Set view attachment.
            CPUDescriptorHeapAllocation rtvAllocation;
            DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(
                rtvAllocation,
                device->GetRenderTargetViewAllocator()->AllocateTransientCPUDescriptors());

            D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC viewDesc =
                view->GetRTVDescriptor(attachmentInfo.depthSlice);
            const D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor = rtvAllocation.GetBaseDescriptor();

            device->GetD3D12Device()->CreateRenderTargetView(
                ToBackend(view->GetTexture())->GetD3D12Resource(), &viewDesc, baseDescriptor);

            renderPassBuilder->SetRenderTargetView(i, baseDescriptor, false);

            // Set color load operation.
            renderPassBuilder->SetRenderTargetBeginningAccess(
                i, attachmentInfo.loadOp, attachmentInfo.clearColor, view->GetD3D12Format());

            // Set color store operation.
            if (attachmentInfo.resolveTarget != nullptr) {
                TextureView* resolveDestinationView = ToBackend(attachmentInfo.resolveTarget.Get());
                renderPassBuilder->SetRenderTargetEndingAccessResolve(i, attachmentInfo.storeOp,
                                                                      view, resolveDestinationView,
                                                                      renderPass->resolveRect);
            } else {
                renderPassBuilder->SetRenderTargetEndingAccess(i, attachmentInfo.storeOp);
            }
        } else {
            if (!nullRTVAllocation.IsValid()) {
                DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(
                    nullRTVAllocation,
                    device->GetRenderTargetViewAllocator()->AllocateTransientCPUDescriptors());
                nullRTV = nullRTVAllocation.GetBaseDescriptor();
                D3D12_RENDER_TARGET_VIEW_DESC nullRTVDesc;
                nullRTVDesc.Format = GetNullRTVDXGIFormatForD3D12RenderPass();
                nullRTVDesc.ViewDimension = D3D12_RTV_DIMENSION_TEXTURE2D;
                nullRTVDesc.Texture2D.MipSlice = 0;
                nullRTVDesc.Texture2D.PlaneSlice = 0;
                device->GetD3D12Device()->CreateRenderTargetView(nullptr, &nullRTVDesc, nullRTV);
            }

            renderPassBuilder->SetRenderTargetView(i, nullRTV, true);
        }
    }

    if (renderPass->attachmentState->HasDepthStencilAttachment()) {
        RenderPassDepthStencilAttachmentInfo& attachmentInfo = renderPass->depthStencilAttachment;
        TextureView* view = ToBackend(renderPass->depthStencilAttachment.view.Get());

        // Set depth attachment.
        CPUDescriptorHeapAllocation dsvAllocation;
        DAWN_TRY_ASSIGN(dsvAllocation,
                        device->GetDepthStencilViewAllocator()->AllocateTransientCPUDescriptors());

        const D3D12_DEPTH_STENCIL_VIEW_DESC viewDesc =
            view->GetDSVDescriptor(attachmentInfo.depthReadOnly, attachmentInfo.stencilReadOnly);
        const D3D12_CPU_DESCRIPTOR_HANDLE baseDescriptor = dsvAllocation.GetBaseDescriptor();

        device->GetD3D12Device()->CreateDepthStencilView(
            ToBackend(view->GetTexture())->GetD3D12Resource(), &viewDesc, baseDescriptor);

        renderPassBuilder->SetDepthStencilView(baseDescriptor, attachmentInfo.depthReadOnly,
                                               attachmentInfo.stencilReadOnly);

        const bool hasDepth = view->GetTexture()->GetFormat().HasDepth();
        const bool hasStencil = view->GetTexture()->GetFormat().HasStencil();

        // Set depth/stencil load operations.
        if (hasDepth) {
            renderPassBuilder->SetDepthAccess(attachmentInfo.depthLoadOp,
                                              attachmentInfo.depthStoreOp,
                                              attachmentInfo.clearDepth, view->GetD3D12Format());
        } else {
            renderPassBuilder->SetDepthNoAccess();
        }

        if (hasStencil) {
            renderPassBuilder->SetStencilAccess(
                attachmentInfo.stencilLoadOp, attachmentInfo.stencilStoreOp,
                attachmentInfo.clearStencil, view->GetD3D12Format());
        } else {
            renderPassBuilder->SetStencilNoAccess();
        }

    } else {
        renderPassBuilder->SetDepthStencilNoAccess();
    }

    return {};
}

void CommandBuffer::EmulateBeginRenderPass(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                           const RenderPassBuilder* renderPassBuilder) const {
    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();

    // Clear framebuffer attachments as needed.
    {
        for (const auto& attachment : renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassRenderTargetDescriptors()) {
            // Load op - color
            if (attachment.cpuDescriptor.ptr != 0 &&
                attachment.BeginningAccess.Type == D3D12_RENDER_PASS_BEGINNING_ACCESS_TYPE_CLEAR) {
                commandList->ClearRenderTargetView(
                    attachment.cpuDescriptor, attachment.BeginningAccess.Clear.ClearValue.Color, 0,
                    nullptr);
            }
        }

        if (renderPassBuilder->HasDepthOrStencil()) {
            D3D12_CLEAR_FLAGS clearFlags = {};
            float depthClear = 0.0f;
            uint8_t stencilClear = 0u;

            if (renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()
                    ->DepthBeginningAccess.Type == D3D12_RENDER_PASS_BEGINNING_ACCESS_TYPE_CLEAR) {
                clearFlags |= D3D12_CLEAR_FLAG_DEPTH;
                depthClear = renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()
                                 ->DepthBeginningAccess.Clear.ClearValue.DepthStencil.Depth;
            }
            if (renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()
                    ->StencilBeginningAccess.Type ==
                D3D12_RENDER_PASS_BEGINNING_ACCESS_TYPE_CLEAR) {
                clearFlags |= D3D12_CLEAR_FLAG_STENCIL;
                stencilClear = renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()
                                   ->StencilBeginningAccess.Clear.ClearValue.DepthStencil.Stencil;
            }

            if (clearFlags) {
                commandList->ClearDepthStencilView(
                    renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()->cpuDescriptor,
                    clearFlags, depthClear, stencilClear, 0, nullptr);
            }
        }
    }

    commandList->OMSetRenderTargets(
        static_cast<uint8_t>(renderPassBuilder->GetHighestColorAttachmentIndexPlusOne()),
        renderPassBuilder->GetRenderTargetViews(), FALSE,
        renderPassBuilder->HasDepthOrStencil()
            ? &renderPassBuilder->GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()->cpuDescriptor
            : nullptr);
}

MaybeError CommandBuffer::RecordRenderPass(CommandRecordingContext* commandContext,
                                           BindGroupStateTracker<RenderPipeline>* bindingTracker,
                                           BeginRenderPassCmd* renderPass,
                                           PassIndex renderPassIndex,
                                           const bool passHasUAV) {
    Device* device = ToBackend(GetDevice());
    const bool useRenderPass = device->IsToggleEnabled(Toggle::UseD3D12RenderPass);

    const IndirectDrawMetadata& metadata = GetIndirectDrawMetadata()[renderPassIndex];
    IndirectDrawIndex indirectDrawIndex{0u};

    // renderPassBuilder must be scoped to RecordRenderPass because any underlying
    // D3D12_RENDER_PASS_ENDING_ACCESS_RESOLVE_SUBRESOURCE_PARAMETERS structs must remain
    // valid until after EndRenderPass() has been called.
    RenderPassBuilder renderPassBuilder(passHasUAV);

    DAWN_TRY(SetupRenderPass(commandContext, renderPass, &renderPassBuilder));

    // Use D3D12's native render pass API if it's available, otherwise emulate the
    // beginning and ending access operations.
    if (useRenderPass) {
        commandContext->GetCommandList4()->BeginRenderPass(
            static_cast<uint8_t>(renderPassBuilder.GetHighestColorAttachmentIndexPlusOne()),
            renderPassBuilder.GetRenderPassRenderTargetDescriptors().data(),
            renderPassBuilder.HasDepthOrStencil()
                ? renderPassBuilder.GetRenderPassDepthStencilDescriptor()
                : nullptr,
            renderPassBuilder.GetRenderPassFlags());
    } else {
        EmulateBeginRenderPass(commandContext, &renderPassBuilder);
    }

    ID3D12GraphicsCommandList* commandList = commandContext->GetCommandList();

    // Write timestamp at the beginning of render pass if it's set.
    if (renderPass->timestampWrites.beginningOfPassWriteIndex != kQuerySetIndexUndefinedTyped) {
        RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, renderPass->timestampWrites.querySet.Get(),
                                renderPass->timestampWrites.beginningOfPassWriteIndex);
    }

    // Set up default dynamic state
    {
        uint32_t width = renderPass->width;
        uint32_t height = renderPass->height;
        D3D12_VIEWPORT viewport = {0.f, 0.f, static_cast<float>(width), static_cast<float>(height),
                                   0.f, 1.f};
        D3D12_RECT scissorRect = {0, 0, static_cast<int32_t>(width), static_cast<int32_t>(height)};
        commandList->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
        commandList->RSSetScissorRects(1, &scissorRect);

        static constexpr std::array<float, 4> defaultBlendFactor = {0, 0, 0, 0};
        commandList->OMSetBlendFactor(&defaultBlendFactor[0]);

        commandList->OMSetStencilRef(0);
    }

    RenderPipeline* lastPipeline = nullptr;
    VertexBufferTracker vertexBufferTracker = {};
    ImmediateTracker<RenderImmediatesTracker> immediates = {};

    auto EncodeRenderBundleCommand = [&](CommandIterator* iter, Command type) -> MaybeError {
        switch (type) {
            case Command::Draw: {
                DrawCmd* draw = iter->NextCommand<DrawCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.SetFirstVertexAndInstanceIndex(draw->firstVertex, draw->firstInstance);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);
                commandList->DrawInstanced(draw->vertexCount, draw->instanceCount,
                                           draw->firstVertex, draw->firstInstance);
                break;
            }

            case Command::DrawIndexed: {
                DrawIndexedCmd* draw = iter->NextCommand<DrawIndexedCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.SetFirstVertexAndInstanceIndex(draw->baseVertex, draw->firstInstance);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);
                commandList->DrawIndexedInstanced(draw->indexCount, draw->instanceCount,
                                                  draw->firstIndex, draw->baseVertex,
                                                  draw->firstInstance);
                break;
            }

            case Command::DrawIndirect: {
                DrawIndirectCmd* draw = iter->NextCommand<DrawIndirectCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                IndirectDrawMetadata::ValidatedIndirectDraw validatedDraw =
                    metadata.GetValidatedIndirectDraw(draw, indirectDrawIndex++);

                Buffer* indirectBuffer = ToBackend(validatedDraw.indirectBuffer.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(indirectBuffer != nullptr);

                ComPtr<ID3D12CommandSignature> signature =
                    lastPipeline->GetDrawIndirectCommandSignature();
                commandList->ExecuteIndirect(signature.Get(), 1, indirectBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                             validatedDraw.indirectOffset, nullptr, 0);
                break;
            }

            case Command::DrawIndexedIndirect: {
                DrawIndexedIndirectCmd* draw = iter->NextCommand<DrawIndexedIndirectCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                IndirectDrawMetadata::ValidatedIndirectDraw validatedDraw =
                    metadata.GetValidatedIndirectDraw(draw, indirectDrawIndex++);

                Buffer* indirectBuffer = ToBackend(validatedDraw.indirectBuffer.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(indirectBuffer != nullptr);

                ComPtr<ID3D12CommandSignature> signature =
                    lastPipeline->GetDrawIndexedIndirectCommandSignature();
                commandList->ExecuteIndirect(signature.Get(), 1, indirectBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(),
                                             validatedDraw.indirectOffset, nullptr, 0);
                break;
            }

            case Command::MultiDrawIndirect: {
                MultiDrawIndirectCmd* draw = iter->NextCommand<MultiDrawIndirectCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                Buffer* indirectBuffer = ToBackend(draw->indirectBuffer.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(indirectBuffer != nullptr);

                Buffer* countBuffer = ToBackend(draw->drawCountBuffer.Get());

                // There is no distinction between DrawIndirect and MultiDrawIndirect in D3D12.
                // This is why we can use the same command signature for both.
                ComPtr<ID3D12CommandSignature> signature =
                    lastPipeline->GetDrawIndirectCommandSignature();

                commandList->ExecuteIndirect(
                    signature.Get(), draw->maxDrawCount, indirectBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(),
                    draw->indirectOffset,
                    countBuffer != nullptr ? countBuffer->GetD3D12Resource() : nullptr,
                    countBuffer != nullptr ? draw->drawCountOffset : 0);

                break;
            }

            case Command::MultiDrawIndexedIndirect: {
                MultiDrawIndexedIndirectCmd* draw =
                    iter->NextCommand<MultiDrawIndexedIndirectCmd>();

                DAWN_TRY(bindingTracker->Apply(commandContext));
                vertexBufferTracker.Apply(commandList, lastPipeline);
                immediates.Apply(commandContext);

                Buffer* indirectBuffer = ToBackend(draw->indirectBuffer.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(indirectBuffer != nullptr);

                Buffer* countBuffer = ToBackend(draw->drawCountBuffer.Get());

                // There is no distinction between DrawIndexedIndirect and MultiDrawIndexedIndirect
                // in D3D12. This is why we can use the same command signature for both.
                ComPtr<ID3D12CommandSignature> signature =
                    lastPipeline->GetDrawIndexedIndirectCommandSignature();

                commandList->ExecuteIndirect(
                    signature.Get(), draw->maxDrawCount, indirectBuffer->GetD3D12Resource(),
                    draw->indirectOffset,
                    countBuffer != nullptr ? countBuffer->GetD3D12Resource() : nullptr,
                    countBuffer != nullptr ? draw->drawCountOffset : 0);
                break;
            }

            case Command::InsertDebugMarker: {
                InsertDebugMarkerCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<InsertDebugMarkerCmd>();
                const char* label = iter->NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixSetMarkerOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PopDebugGroup: {
                iter->NextCommand<PopDebugGroupCmd>();

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->pixEndEventOnCommandList(commandList);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::PushDebugGroup: {
                PushDebugGroupCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<PushDebugGroupCmd>();
                const char* label = iter->NextData<char>(cmd->length + 1);

                if (ToBackend(GetDevice())->GetFunctions()->IsPIXEventRuntimeLoaded()) {
                    // PIX color is 1 byte per channel in ARGB format
                    constexpr uint64_t kPIXBlackColor = 0xff000000;
                    ToBackend(GetDevice())
                        ->GetFunctions()
                        ->pixBeginEventOnCommandList(commandList, kPIXBlackColor, label);
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetRenderPipeline: {
                SetRenderPipelineCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetRenderPipelineCmd>();
                RenderPipeline* pipeline = ToBackend(cmd->pipeline.Get());

                commandList->SetPipelineState(pipeline->GetPipelineState());
                commandList->IASetPrimitiveTopology(pipeline->GetD3D12PrimitiveTopology());

                bindingTracker->OnSetPipeline(pipeline);
                immediates.OnSetPipeline(pipeline);

                lastPipeline = pipeline;
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetBindGroup: {
                SetBindGroupCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetBindGroupCmd>();
                BindGroup* group = ToBackend(cmd->group.Get());
                uint32_t* dynamicOffsets = nullptr;

                if (cmd->dynamicOffsetCount > 0) {
                    dynamicOffsets = iter->NextData<uint32_t>(cmd->dynamicOffsetCount);
                }

                bindingTracker->OnSetBindGroup(cmd->index, group, cmd->dynamicOffsetCount,
                                               dynamicOffsets);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetImmediates: {
                SetImmediatesCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetImmediatesCmd>();
                DAWN_ASSERT(cmd->size > 0);
                uint8_t* value = iter->NextData<uint8_t>(cmd->size);
                immediates.SetImmediates(cmd->offset, value, cmd->size);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetIndexBuffer: {
                SetIndexBufferCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetIndexBufferCmd>();

                D3D12_INDEX_BUFFER_VIEW bufferView;
                bufferView.Format = DXGIIndexFormat(cmd->format);
                bufferView.BufferLocation = ToBackend(cmd->buffer.Get())->GetVA() + cmd->offset;
                bufferView.SizeInBytes = static_cast<uint32_t>(cmd->size);

                commandList->IASetIndexBuffer(&bufferView);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetVertexBuffer: {
                SetVertexBufferCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetVertexBufferCmd>();

                vertexBufferTracker.OnSetVertexBuffer(cmd->slot, ToBackend(cmd->buffer.Get()),
                                                      cmd->offset, cmd->size);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetResourceTable: {
                SetResourceTableCmd* cmd = iter->NextCommand<SetResourceTableCmd>();
                bindingTracker->SetResourceTable(ToBackend(cmd->table.Get()));
                break;
            }

            default:
                DAWN_UNREACHABLE();
                break;
        }
        return {};
    };

    Command type;
    while (mCommands.NextCommandId(&type)) {
        switch (type) {
            case Command::EndRenderPass: {
                mCommands.NextCommand<EndRenderPassCmd>();

                // Write timestamp at the end of render pass if it's set.
                if (renderPass->timestampWrites.endOfPassWriteIndex !=
                    kQuerySetIndexUndefinedTyped) {
                    RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, renderPass->timestampWrites.querySet.Get(),
                                            renderPass->timestampWrites.endOfPassWriteIndex);
                }
                UpdateQueryAvailability(renderPass->timestampWrites);

                for (ColorAttachmentIndex i :
                     renderPass->attachmentState->GetColorAttachmentsMask()) {
                    TextureViewBase* resolveTarget =
                        renderPass->colorAttachments[i].resolveTarget.Get();
                    if (resolveTarget == nullptr) {
                        continue;
                    }
                    Texture* resolveTexture = ToBackend(resolveTarget->GetTexture());
                    resolveTexture->TrackUsageAndTransitionNow(
                        commandContext, D3D12_RESOURCE_STATE_RESOLVE_DEST,
                        resolveTarget->GetSubresourceRange());
                }
                if (useRenderPass) {
                    commandContext->GetCommandList4()->EndRenderPass();
                } else if (renderPass->attachmentState->GetSampleCount() > 1) {
                    ResolveMultisampledRenderPass(commandContext, renderPass);
                }
                return {};
            }

            case Command::SetStencilReference: {
                SetStencilReferenceCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetStencilReferenceCmd>();

                commandList->OMSetStencilRef(cmd->reference);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetViewport: {
                SetViewportCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetViewportCmd>();
                D3D12_VIEWPORT viewport;
                viewport.TopLeftX = cmd->x;
                viewport.TopLeftY = cmd->y;
                viewport.Width = cmd->width;
                viewport.Height = cmd->height;
                viewport.MinDepth = cmd->minDepth;
                viewport.MaxDepth = cmd->maxDepth;

                commandList->RSSetViewports(1, &viewport);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetScissorRect: {
                SetScissorRectCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetScissorRectCmd>();
                D3D12_RECT rect;
                rect.left = cmd->x;
                rect.top = cmd->y;
                rect.right = cmd->x + cmd->width;
                rect.bottom = cmd->y + cmd->height;

                commandList->RSSetScissorRects(1, &rect);
                break;
            }

            case Command::SetBlendConstant: {
                SetBlendConstantCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<SetBlendConstantCmd>();
                const std::array<float, 4> color = ConvertToFloatColor(cmd->color);
                commandList->OMSetBlendFactor(color.data());
                break;
            }

            case Command::ExecuteBundles: {
                ExecuteBundlesCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<ExecuteBundlesCmd>();
                auto bundles = mCommands.NextData<Ref<RenderBundleBase>>(cmd->count);

                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < cmd->count; ++i) {
                    CommandIterator* iter = DAWN_UNSAFE_TODO(bundles[i])->GetCommands();
                    iter->Reset();
                    while (iter->NextCommandId(&type)) {
                        DAWN_TRY(EncodeRenderBundleCommand(iter, type));
                    }
                }
                break;
            }

            case Command::BeginOcclusionQuery: {
                BeginOcclusionQueryCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<BeginOcclusionQueryCmd>();
                QuerySet* querySet = ToBackend(cmd->querySet.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(D3D12QueryType(querySet->GetQueryType()) ==
                            D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION);
                commandList->BeginQuery(querySet->GetQueryHeap(), D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION,
                                        uint32_t{cmd->queryIndex});
                break;
            }

            case Command::EndOcclusionQuery: {
                EndOcclusionQueryCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<EndOcclusionQueryCmd>();
                QuerySet* querySet = ToBackend(cmd->querySet.Get());
                DAWN_ASSERT(D3D12QueryType(querySet->GetQueryType()) ==
                            D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION);
                commandList->EndQuery(querySet->GetQueryHeap(), D3D12_QUERY_TYPE_BINARY_OCCLUSION,
                                      uint32_t{cmd->queryIndex});

                UpdateQueryAvailability(cmd);
                break;
            }

            case Command::WriteTimestamp: {
                WriteTimestampCmd* cmd = mCommands.NextCommand<WriteTimestampCmd>();

                RecordWriteTimestampCmd(commandList, cmd->querySet.Get(), cmd->queryIndex);

                UpdateQueryAvailability(cmd);
                break;
            }

            default: {
                DAWN_TRY(EncodeRenderBundleCommand(&mCommands, type));
                break;
            }
        }
    }
    return {};
}
}  // namespace dawn::native::d3d12