resolver: Move validation logic out to resolver_validation.cc

resolver.cc has grown very large, and is difficult to navigate.

The logic is identical to before, but validation logic has been moved to its own .cc file.

Bug: tint:1313
Change-Id: I4b7f3208815efe8ff02f2ad006b7cd31b5e37006
Reviewed-on: https://dawn-review.googlesource.com/c/tint/+/69380
Kokoro: Kokoro <noreply+kokoro@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Antonio Maiorano <amaiorano@google.com>
Commit-Queue: Ben Clayton <bclayton@google.com>
diff --git a/src/BUILD.gn b/src/BUILD.gn
index fb8c8e7..d6c95c8 100644
--- a/src/BUILD.gn
+++ b/src/BUILD.gn
@@ -374,6 +374,7 @@
     "resolver/resolver.cc",
     "resolver/resolver.h",
     "resolver/resolver_constants.cc",
+    "resolver/resolver_validation.cc",
     "scope_stack.h",
     "sem/array.h",
     "sem/atomic_type.h",
diff --git a/src/CMakeLists.txt b/src/CMakeLists.txt
index 3bb6ae7..b86cb98 100644
--- a/src/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -240,6 +240,7 @@
   reader/reader.h
   resolver/resolver.cc
   resolver/resolver_constants.cc
+  resolver/resolver_validation.cc
   resolver/resolver.h
   scope_stack.h
   sem/array.cc
diff --git a/src/resolver/resolver.cc b/src/resolver/resolver.cc
index 323dacd..d60943f 100644
--- a/src/resolver/resolver.cc
+++ b/src/resolver/resolver.cc
@@ -82,80 +82,6 @@
 
 namespace tint {
 namespace resolver {
-namespace {
-
-using IntrinsicType = tint::sem::IntrinsicType;
-
-bool IsValidStorageTextureDimension(ast::TextureDimension dim) {
-  switch (dim) {
-    case ast::TextureDimension::k1d:
-    case ast::TextureDimension::k2d:
-    case ast::TextureDimension::k2dArray:
-    case ast::TextureDimension::k3d:
-      return true;
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
-}
-
-bool IsValidStorageTextureImageFormat(ast::ImageFormat format) {
-  switch (format) {
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Sint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Float:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Uint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Sint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Float:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Unorm:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Snorm:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Uint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Sint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Uint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Sint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Float:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Uint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Sint:
-    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Float:
-      return true;
-    default:
-      return false;
-  }
-}
-
-/// @returns true if the decoration list contains a
-/// ast::DisableValidationDecoration with the validation mode equal to
-/// `validation`
-bool IsValidationDisabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
-                          ast::DisabledValidation validation) {
-  for (auto* decoration : decorations) {
-    if (auto* dv = decoration->As<ast::DisableValidationDecoration>()) {
-      if (dv->validation == validation) {
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
-/// @returns true if the decoration list does not contains a
-/// ast::DisableValidationDecoration with the validation mode equal to
-/// `validation`
-bool IsValidationEnabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
-                         ast::DisabledValidation validation) {
-  return !IsValidationDisabled(decorations, validation);
-}
-
-// Helper to stringify a pipeline IO decoration.
-std::string deco_to_str(const ast::Decoration* deco) {
-  std::stringstream str;
-  if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
-    str << "builtin(" << builtin->builtin << ")";
-  } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
-    str << "location(" << location->value << ")";
-  }
-  return str.str();
-}
-}  // namespace
 
 Resolver::Resolver(ProgramBuilder* builder)
     : builder_(builder),
@@ -180,46 +106,6 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#plain-types-section
-bool Resolver::IsPlain(const sem::Type* type) const {
-  return type->is_scalar() ||
-         type->IsAnyOf<sem::Atomic, sem::Vector, sem::Matrix, sem::Array,
-                       sem::Struct>();
-}
-
-// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl.html#storable-types
-bool Resolver::IsStorable(const sem::Type* type) const {
-  return IsPlain(type) || type->IsAnyOf<sem::Texture, sem::Sampler>();
-}
-
-// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl.html#host-shareable-types
-bool Resolver::IsHostShareable(const sem::Type* type) const {
-  if (type->IsAnyOf<sem::I32, sem::U32, sem::F32>()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (auto* vec = type->As<sem::Vector>()) {
-    return IsHostShareable(vec->type());
-  }
-  if (auto* mat = type->As<sem::Matrix>()) {
-    return IsHostShareable(mat->type());
-  }
-  if (auto* arr = type->As<sem::Array>()) {
-    return IsHostShareable(arr->ElemType());
-  }
-  if (auto* str = type->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-    for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
-      if (!IsHostShareable(member->Type())) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (auto* atomic = type->As<sem::Atomic>()) {
-    return IsHostShareable(atomic->Type());
-  }
-  return false;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::ResolveInternal() {
   Mark(&builder_->AST());
 
@@ -386,46 +272,6 @@
   return s;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateAtomic(const ast::Atomic* a, const sem::Atomic* s) {
-  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#atomic-types
-  // T must be either u32 or i32.
-  if (!s->Type()->IsAnyOf<sem::U32, sem::I32>()) {
-    AddError("atomic only supports i32 or u32 types",
-             a->type ? a->type->source : a->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateStorageTexture(const ast::StorageTexture* t) {
-  switch (t->access) {
-    case ast::Access::kWrite:
-      break;
-    case ast::Access::kUndefined:
-      AddError("storage texture missing access control", t->source);
-      return false;
-    default:
-      AddError("storage textures currently only support 'write' access control",
-               t->source);
-      return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!IsValidStorageTextureDimension(t->dim)) {
-    AddError("cube dimensions for storage textures are not supported",
-             t->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!IsValidStorageTextureImageFormat(t->format)) {
-    AddError(
-        "image format must be one of the texel formats specified for storage "
-        "textues in https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#texel-formats",
-        t->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Variable* Resolver::Variable(const ast::Variable* var,
                                   VariableKind kind,
                                   uint32_t index /* = 0 */) {
@@ -644,45 +490,6 @@
   }
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateVariableConstructorOrCast(
-    const ast::Variable* var,
-    ast::StorageClass storage_class,
-    const sem::Type* storage_ty,
-    const sem::Type* rhs_ty) {
-  auto* value_type = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();  // Implicit load of RHS
-
-  // Value type has to match storage type
-  if (storage_ty != value_type) {
-    std::string decl = var->is_const ? "let" : "var";
-    AddError("cannot initialize " + decl + " of type '" +
-                 TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + "' with value of type '" +
-                 TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) + "'",
-             var->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!var->is_const) {
-    switch (storage_class) {
-      case ast::StorageClass::kPrivate:
-      case ast::StorageClass::kFunction:
-        break;  // Allowed an initializer
-      default:
-        // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#var-and-let
-        // Optionally has an initializer expression, if the variable is in the
-        // private or function storage classes.
-        AddError("var of storage class '" +
-                     std::string(ast::ToString(storage_class)) +
-                     "' cannot have an initializer. var initializers are only "
-                     "supported for the storage classes "
-                     "'private' and 'function'",
-                 var->source);
-        return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::GlobalVariable(const ast::Variable* var) {
   if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDefinition(var->symbol, var->source,
                                      /* check_global_scope_only */ true)) {
@@ -733,1069 +540,6 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateStorageClassLayout(const sem::Struct* str,
-                                          ast::StorageClass sc) {
-  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#storage-class-layout-constraints
-
-  auto is_uniform_struct_or_array = [sc](const sem::Type* ty) {
-    return sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform &&
-           ty->IsAnyOf<sem::Array, sem::Struct>();
-  };
-
-  auto is_uniform_struct = [sc](const sem::Type* ty) {
-    return sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform && ty->Is<sem::Struct>();
-  };
-
-  auto required_alignment_of = [&](const sem::Type* ty) {
-    uint32_t actual_align = ty->Align();
-    uint32_t required_align = actual_align;
-    if (is_uniform_struct_or_array(ty)) {
-      required_align = utils::RoundUp(16u, actual_align);
-    }
-    return required_align;
-  };
-
-  auto member_name_of = [this](const sem::StructMember* sm) {
-    return builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sm->Declaration()->symbol);
-  };
-
-  auto type_name_of = [this](const sem::StructMember* sm) {
-    return TypeNameOf(sm->Type());
-  };
-
-  // TODO(amaiorano): Output struct and member decorations so that this output
-  // can be copied verbatim back into source
-  auto get_struct_layout_string = [&](const sem::Struct* st) -> std::string {
-    std::stringstream ss;
-
-    if (st->Members().empty()) {
-      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_) << "Validation should have ensured that "
-                                          "structs have at least one member";
-      return {};
-    }
-    const auto* const last_member = st->Members().back();
-    const uint32_t last_member_struct_padding_offset =
-        last_member->Offset() + last_member->Size();
-
-    // Compute max widths to align output
-    const auto offset_w =
-        static_cast<int>(::log10(last_member_struct_padding_offset)) + 1;
-    const auto size_w = static_cast<int>(::log10(st->Size())) + 1;
-    const auto align_w = static_cast<int>(::log10(st->Align())) + 1;
-
-    auto print_struct_begin_line = [&](size_t align, size_t size,
-                                       std::string struct_name) {
-      ss << "/*          " << std::setw(offset_w) << " "
-         << "align(" << std::setw(align_w) << align << ") size("
-         << std::setw(size_w) << size << ") */ struct " << struct_name
-         << " {\n";
-    };
-
-    auto print_struct_end_line = [&]() {
-      ss << "/*                         "
-         << std::setw(offset_w + size_w + align_w) << " "
-         << "*/ };";
-    };
-
-    auto print_member_line = [&](size_t offset, size_t align, size_t size,
-                                 std::string s) {
-      ss << "/* offset(" << std::setw(offset_w) << offset << ") align("
-         << std::setw(align_w) << align << ") size(" << std::setw(size_w)
-         << size << ") */   " << s << ";\n";
-    };
-
-    print_struct_begin_line(st->Align(), st->Size(), TypeNameOf(st));
-
-    for (size_t i = 0; i < st->Members().size(); ++i) {
-      auto* const m = st->Members()[i];
-
-      // Output field alignment padding, if any
-      auto* const prev_member = (i == 0) ? nullptr : str->Members()[i - 1];
-      if (prev_member) {
-        uint32_t padding =
-            m->Offset() - (prev_member->Offset() + prev_member->Size());
-        if (padding > 0) {
-          size_t padding_offset = m->Offset() - padding;
-          print_member_line(padding_offset, 1, padding,
-                            "// -- implicit field alignment padding --");
-        }
-      }
-
-      // Output member
-      std::string member_name = member_name_of(m);
-      print_member_line(m->Offset(), m->Align(), m->Size(),
-                        member_name_of(m) + " : " + type_name_of(m));
-    }
-
-    // Output struct size padding, if any
-    uint32_t struct_padding = st->Size() - last_member_struct_padding_offset;
-    if (struct_padding > 0) {
-      print_member_line(last_member_struct_padding_offset, 1, struct_padding,
-                        "// -- implicit struct size padding --");
-    }
-
-    print_struct_end_line();
-
-    return ss.str();
-  };
-
-  if (!ast::IsHostShareable(sc)) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < str->Members().size(); ++i) {
-    auto* const m = str->Members()[i];
-    uint32_t required_align = required_alignment_of(m->Type());
-
-    // Validate that member is at a valid byte offset
-    if (m->Offset() % required_align != 0) {
-      AddError("the offset of a struct member of type '" + type_name_of(m) +
-                   "' in storage class '" + ast::ToString(sc) +
-                   "' must be a multiple of " + std::to_string(required_align) +
-                   " bytes, but '" + member_name_of(m) +
-                   "' is currently at offset " + std::to_string(m->Offset()) +
-                   ". Consider setting [[align(" +
-                   std::to_string(required_align) + ")]] on this member",
-               m->Declaration()->source);
-
-      AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
-              str->Declaration()->source);
-
-      if (auto* member_str = m->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-        AddNote("and layout of struct member:\n" +
-                    get_struct_layout_string(member_str),
-                member_str->Declaration()->source);
-      }
-
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    // For uniform buffers, validate that the number of bytes between the
-    // previous member of type struct and the current is a multiple of 16 bytes.
-    auto* const prev_member = (i == 0) ? nullptr : str->Members()[i - 1];
-    if (prev_member && is_uniform_struct(prev_member->Type())) {
-      const uint32_t prev_to_curr_offset = m->Offset() - prev_member->Offset();
-      if (prev_to_curr_offset % 16 != 0) {
-        AddError(
-            "uniform storage requires that the number of bytes between the "
-            "start of the previous member of type struct and the current "
-            "member be a multiple of 16 bytes, but there are currently " +
-                std::to_string(prev_to_curr_offset) + " bytes between '" +
-                member_name_of(prev_member) + "' and '" + member_name_of(m) +
-                "'. Consider setting [[align(16)]] on this member",
-            m->Declaration()->source);
-
-        AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
-                str->Declaration()->source);
-
-        auto* prev_member_str = prev_member->Type()->As<sem::Struct>();
-        AddNote("and layout of previous member struct:\n" +
-                    get_struct_layout_string(prev_member_str),
-                prev_member_str->Declaration()->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    // For uniform buffer array members, validate that array elements are
-    // aligned to 16 bytes
-    if (auto* arr = m->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
-      if (sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform) {
-        // We already validated that this array member is itself aligned to 16
-        // bytes above, so we only need to validate that stride is a multiple of
-        // 16 bytes.
-        if (arr->Stride() % 16 != 0) {
-          AddError(
-              "uniform storage requires that array elements be aligned to 16 "
-              "bytes, but array stride of '" +
-                  member_name_of(m) + "' is currently " +
-                  std::to_string(arr->Stride()) +
-                  ". Consider setting [[stride(" +
-                  std::to_string(
-                      utils::RoundUp(required_align, arr->Stride())) +
-                  ")]] on the array type",
-              m->Declaration()->type->source);
-          AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
-                  str->Declaration()->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    // If member is struct, recurse
-    if (auto* str_member = m->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-      // Cache result of struct + storage class pair
-      if (valid_struct_storage_layouts_.emplace(str_member, sc).second) {
-        if (!ValidateStorageClassLayout(str_member, sc)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateStorageClassLayout(const sem::Variable* var) {
-  if (auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-    if (!ValidateStorageClassLayout(str, var->StorageClass())) {
-      AddNote("see declaration of variable", var->Declaration()->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateGlobalVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
-  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
-  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(decl->decorations)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
-    if (decl->is_const) {
-      if (auto* override_deco = deco->As<ast::OverrideDecoration>()) {
-        if (override_deco->has_value) {
-          uint32_t id = override_deco->value;
-          auto it = constant_ids_.find(id);
-          if (it != constant_ids_.end() && it->second != var) {
-            AddError("pipeline constant IDs must be unique", deco->source);
-            AddNote("a pipeline constant with an ID of " + std::to_string(id) +
-                        " was previously declared "
-                        "here:",
-                    ast::GetDecoration<ast::OverrideDecoration>(
-                        it->second->Declaration()->decorations)
-                        ->source);
-            return false;
-          }
-          if (id > 65535) {
-            AddError("pipeline constant IDs must be between 0 and 65535",
-                     deco->source);
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-      } else {
-        AddError("decoration is not valid for constants", deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    } else {
-      bool is_shader_io_decoration =
-          deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InterpolateDecoration,
-                        ast::InvariantDecoration, ast::LocationDecoration>();
-      bool has_io_storage_class =
-          var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kInput ||
-          var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kOutput;
-      if (!(deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BindingDecoration, ast::GroupDecoration,
-                          ast::InternalDecoration>()) &&
-          (!is_shader_io_decoration || !has_io_storage_class)) {
-        AddError("decoration is not valid for variables", deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  auto binding_point = decl->BindingPoint();
-  switch (var->StorageClass()) {
-    case ast::StorageClass::kUniform:
-    case ast::StorageClass::kStorage:
-    case ast::StorageClass::kUniformConstant: {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#resource-interface
-      // Each resource variable must be declared with both group and binding
-      // attributes.
-      if (!binding_point) {
-        AddError(
-            "resource variables require [[group]] and [[binding]] "
-            "decorations",
-            decl->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    default:
-      if (binding_point.binding || binding_point.group) {
-        // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#attribute-binding
-        // Must only be applied to a resource variable
-        AddError(
-            "non-resource variables must not have [[group]] or [[binding]] "
-            "decorations",
-            decl->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-  }
-
-  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#variable-declaration
-  // The access mode always has a default, and except for variables in the
-  // storage storage class, must not be written.
-  if (var->StorageClass() != ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
-      decl->declared_access != ast::Access::kUndefined) {
-    AddError(
-        "only variables in <storage> storage class may declare an access mode",
-        decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  switch (var->StorageClass()) {
-    case ast::StorageClass::kStorage: {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
-      // A variable in the storage storage class is a storage buffer variable.
-      // Its store type must be a host-shareable structure type with block
-      // attribute, satisfying the storage class constraints.
-
-      auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>();
-
-      if (!str) {
-        AddError(
-            "variables declared in the <storage> storage class must be of a "
-            "structure type",
-            decl->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
-        AddError(
-            "structure used as a storage buffer must be declared with the "
-            "[[block]] decoration",
-            str->Declaration()->source);
-        if (decl->source.range.begin.line) {
-          AddNote("structure used as storage buffer here", decl->source);
-        }
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    }
-    case ast::StorageClass::kUniform: {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
-      // A variable in the uniform storage class is a uniform buffer variable.
-      // Its store type must be a host-shareable structure type with block
-      // attribute, satisfying the storage class constraints.
-      auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>();
-      if (!str) {
-        AddError(
-            "variables declared in the <uniform> storage class must be of a "
-            "structure type",
-            decl->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
-        AddError(
-            "structure used as a uniform buffer must be declared with the "
-            "[[block]] decoration",
-            str->Declaration()->source);
-        if (decl->source.range.begin.line) {
-          AddNote("structure used as uniform buffer here", decl->source);
-        }
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
-        if (auto* arr = member->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
-          if (arr->IsRuntimeSized()) {
-            AddError(
-                "structure containing a runtime sized array "
-                "cannot be used as a uniform buffer",
-                decl->source);
-            AddNote("structure is declared here", str->Declaration()->source);
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      break;
-    }
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  if (!decl->is_const) {
-    if (!ValidateAtomicVariable(var)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return ValidateVariable(var);
-}
-
-// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#atomic-types
-// Atomic types may only be instantiated by variables in the workgroup storage
-// class or by storage buffer variables with a read_write access mode.
-bool Resolver::ValidateAtomicVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
-  auto sc = var->StorageClass();
-  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
-  auto access = var->Access();
-  auto* type = var->Type()->UnwrapRef();
-  auto source = decl->type ? decl->type->source : decl->source;
-
-  if (type->Is<sem::Atomic>()) {
-    if (sc != ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
-      AddError(
-          "atomic variables must have <storage> or <workgroup> storage class",
-          source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  } else if (type->IsAnyOf<sem::Struct, sem::Array>()) {
-    auto found = atomic_composite_info_.find(type);
-    if (found != atomic_composite_info_.end()) {
-      if (sc != ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
-          sc != ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
-        AddError(
-            "atomic variables must have <storage> or <workgroup> storage class",
-            source);
-        AddNote(
-            "atomic sub-type of '" + TypeNameOf(type) + "' is declared here",
-            found->second);
-        return false;
-      } else if (sc == ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
-                 access != ast::Access::kReadWrite) {
-        AddError(
-            "atomic variables in <storage> storage class must have read_write "
-            "access mode",
-            source);
-        AddNote(
-            "atomic sub-type of '" + TypeNameOf(type) + "' is declared here",
-            found->second);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
-  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
-  auto* storage_ty = var->Type()->UnwrapRef();
-
-  if (!decl->is_const && !IsStorable(storage_ty)) {
-    AddError(TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + " cannot be used as the type of a var",
-             decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (decl->is_const && !var->Is<sem::Parameter>() &&
-      !(storage_ty->IsConstructible() || storage_ty->Is<sem::Pointer>())) {
-    AddError(TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + " cannot be used as the type of a let",
-             decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (auto* r = storage_ty->As<sem::Array>()) {
-    if (r->IsRuntimeSized()) {
-      AddError("runtime arrays may only appear as the last member of a struct",
-               decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (auto* r = storage_ty->As<sem::MultisampledTexture>()) {
-    if (r->dim() != ast::TextureDimension::k2d) {
-      AddError("only 2d multisampled textures are supported", decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (!r->type()->UnwrapRef()->is_numeric_scalar()) {
-      AddError("texture_multisampled_2d<type>: type must be f32, i32 or u32",
-               decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (var->Is<sem::LocalVariable>() && !decl->is_const &&
-      IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                          ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass)) {
-    if (!var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->IsConstructible()) {
-      AddError("function variable must have a constructible type",
-               decl->type ? decl->type->source : decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (storage_ty->is_handle() &&
-      decl->declared_storage_class != ast::StorageClass::kNone) {
-    // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
-    // If the store type is a texture type or a sampler type, then the
-    // variable declaration must not have a storage class decoration. The
-    // storage class will always be handle.
-    AddError("variables of type '" + TypeNameOf(storage_ty) +
-                 "' must not have a storage class",
-             decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                          ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass) &&
-      (decl->declared_storage_class == ast::StorageClass::kInput ||
-       decl->declared_storage_class == ast::StorageClass::kOutput)) {
-    AddError("invalid use of input/output storage class", decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateFunctionParameter(const ast::Function* func,
-                                         const sem::Variable* var) {
-  if (!ValidateVariable(var)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
-
-  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
-    if (!func->IsEntryPoint() && !deco->Is<ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
-      AddError(
-          "decoration is not valid for non-entry point function parameters",
-          deco->source);
-      return false;
-    } else if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InvariantDecoration,
-                              ast::LocationDecoration,
-                              ast::InterpolateDecoration,
-                              ast::InternalDecoration>() &&
-               (IsValidationEnabled(
-                    decl->decorations,
-                    ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter) &&
-                IsValidationEnabled(
-                    decl->decorations,
-                    ast::DisabledValidation::
-                        kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter))) {
-      AddError("decoration is not valid for function parameters", deco->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (auto* ref = var->Type()->As<sem::Pointer>()) {
-    auto sc = ref->StorageClass();
-    if (!(sc == ast::StorageClass::kFunction ||
-          sc == ast::StorageClass::kPrivate ||
-          sc == ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) &&
-        IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                            ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass)) {
-      std::stringstream ss;
-      ss << "function parameter of pointer type cannot be in '" << sc
-         << "' storage class";
-      AddError(ss.str(), decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (IsPlain(var->Type())) {
-    if (!var->Type()->IsConstructible() &&
-        IsValidationEnabled(
-            decl->decorations,
-            ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter)) {
-      AddError("store type of function parameter must be a constructible type",
-               decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  } else if (!var->Type()
-                  ->IsAnyOf<sem::Texture, sem::Sampler, sem::Pointer>()) {
-    AddError(
-        "store type of function parameter cannot be " + TypeNameOf(var->Type()),
-        decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateBuiltinDecoration(const ast::BuiltinDecoration* deco,
-                                         const sem::Type* storage_ty,
-                                         const bool is_input) {
-  auto* type = storage_ty->UnwrapRef();
-  const auto stage = current_function_
-                         ? current_function_->Declaration()->PipelineStage()
-                         : ast::PipelineStage::kNone;
-  std::stringstream stage_name;
-  stage_name << stage;
-  bool is_stage_mismatch = false;
-  bool is_output = !is_input;
-  switch (deco->builtin) {
-    case ast::Builtin::kPosition:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !((is_input && stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment) ||
-            (is_output && stage == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex))) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!(type->is_float_vector() && type->As<sem::Vector>()->Width() == 4)) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'vec4<f32>'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kGlobalInvocationId:
-    case ast::Builtin::kLocalInvocationId:
-    case ast::Builtin::kNumWorkgroups:
-    case ast::Builtin::kWorkgroupId:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute && is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!(type->is_unsigned_integer_vector() &&
-            type->As<sem::Vector>()->Width() == 3)) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'vec3<u32>'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kFragDepth:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && !is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::F32>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'f32'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kFrontFacing:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::Bool>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'bool'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kLocalInvocationIndex:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute && is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kVertexIndex:
-    case ast::Builtin::kInstanceIndex:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex && is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kSampleMask:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    case ast::Builtin::kSampleIndex:
-      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
-          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && is_input)) {
-        is_stage_mismatch = true;
-      }
-      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
-        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      break;
-    default:
-      break;
-  }
-
-  if (is_stage_mismatch) {
-    AddError(deco_to_str(deco) + " cannot be used in " +
-                 (is_input ? "input of " : "output of ") + stage_name.str() +
-                 " pipeline stage",
-             deco->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateInterpolateDecoration(
-    const ast::InterpolateDecoration* deco,
-    const sem::Type* storage_ty) {
-  auto* type = storage_ty->UnwrapRef();
-
-  if (type->is_integer_scalar_or_vector() &&
-      deco->type != ast::InterpolationType::kFlat) {
-    AddError(
-        "interpolation type must be 'flat' for integral user-defined IO types",
-        deco->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (deco->type == ast::InterpolationType::kFlat &&
-      deco->sampling != ast::InterpolationSampling::kNone) {
-    AddError("flat interpolation attribute must not have a sampling parameter",
-             deco->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateFunction(const sem::Function* func) {
-  auto* decl = func->Declaration();
-  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDefinition(decl->symbol, decl->source,
-                                     /* check_global_scope_only */ true)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto workgroup_deco_count = 0;
-  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
-    if (deco->Is<ast::WorkgroupDecoration>()) {
-      workgroup_deco_count++;
-      if (decl->PipelineStage() != ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-        AddError(
-            "the workgroup_size attribute is only valid for compute stages",
-            deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    } else if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::StageDecoration,
-                              ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
-      AddError("decoration is not valid for functions", deco->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (decl->params.size() > 255) {
-    AddError("functions may declare at most 255 parameters", decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < decl->params.size(); i++) {
-    if (!ValidateFunctionParameter(decl, func->Parameters()[i])) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!func->ReturnType()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
-    if (!func->ReturnType()->IsConstructible()) {
-      AddError("function return type must be a constructible type",
-               decl->return_type->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (decl->body) {
-      if (!decl->body->Last() ||
-          !decl->body->Last()->Is<ast::ReturnStatement>()) {
-        AddError("non-void function must end with a return statement",
-                 decl->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    } else if (IsValidationEnabled(
-                   decl->decorations,
-                   ast::DisabledValidation::kFunctionHasNoBody)) {
-      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-          << "Function " << builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol)
-          << " has no body";
-    }
-
-    for (auto* deco : decl->return_type_decorations) {
-      if (!decl->IsEntryPoint()) {
-        AddError(
-            "decoration is not valid for non-entry point function return types",
-            deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InternalDecoration,
-                         ast::LocationDecoration, ast::InterpolateDecoration,
-                         ast::InvariantDecoration>() &&
-          (IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                               ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter) &&
-           IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                               ast::DisabledValidation::
-                                   kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter))) {
-        AddError("decoration is not valid for entry point return types",
-                 deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (decl->IsEntryPoint()) {
-    if (!ValidateEntryPoint(func)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateEntryPoint(const sem::Function* func) {
-  auto* decl = func->Declaration();
-
-  // Use a lambda to validate the entry point decorations for a type.
-  // Persistent state is used to track which builtins and locations have
-  // already been seen, in order to catch conflicts.
-  // TODO(jrprice): This state could be stored in sem::Function instead, and
-  // then passed to sem::Function since it would be useful there too.
-  std::unordered_set<ast::Builtin> builtins;
-  std::unordered_set<uint32_t> locations;
-  enum class ParamOrRetType {
-    kParameter,
-    kReturnType,
-  };
-
-  // Inner lambda that is applied to a type and all of its members.
-  auto validate_entry_point_decorations_inner = [&](const ast::DecorationList&
-                                                        decos,
-                                                    const sem::Type* ty,
-                                                    Source source,
-                                                    ParamOrRetType param_or_ret,
-                                                    bool is_struct_member) {
-    // Scan decorations for pipeline IO attributes.
-    // Check for overlap with attributes that have been seen previously.
-    const ast::Decoration* pipeline_io_attribute = nullptr;
-    const ast::InterpolateDecoration* interpolate_attribute = nullptr;
-    const ast::InvariantDecoration* invariant_attribute = nullptr;
-    for (auto* deco : decos) {
-      auto is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = false;
-      if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
-        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
-          AddError("multiple entry point IO attributes", deco->source);
-          AddNote("previously consumed " + deco_to_str(pipeline_io_attribute),
-                  pipeline_io_attribute->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-        pipeline_io_attribute = deco;
-
-        if (builtins.count(builtin->builtin)) {
-          AddError(deco_to_str(builtin) +
-                       " attribute appears multiple times as pipeline " +
-                       (param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? "input"
-                                                                   : "output"),
-                   decl->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-
-        if (!ValidateBuiltinDecoration(
-                builtin, ty,
-                /* is_input */ param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        builtins.emplace(builtin->builtin);
-      } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
-        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
-          AddError("multiple entry point IO attributes", deco->source);
-          AddNote("previously consumed " + deco_to_str(pipeline_io_attribute),
-                  pipeline_io_attribute->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-        pipeline_io_attribute = deco;
-
-        bool is_input = param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter;
-        if (!ValidateLocationDecoration(location, ty, locations, source,
-                                        is_input)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      } else if (auto* interpolate = deco->As<ast::InterpolateDecoration>()) {
-        if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-          is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = true;
-        } else if (!ValidateInterpolateDecoration(interpolate, ty)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        interpolate_attribute = interpolate;
-      } else if (auto* invariant = deco->As<ast::InvariantDecoration>()) {
-        if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-          is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = true;
-        }
-        invariant_attribute = invariant;
-      }
-      if (is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration) {
-        std::string input_or_output =
-            param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? "inputs" : "output";
-        AddError(
-            "decoration is not valid for compute shader " + input_or_output,
-            deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (IsValidationEnabled(decos,
-                            ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter)) {
-      if (is_struct_member && ty->Is<sem::Struct>()) {
-        AddError("nested structures cannot be used for entry point IO", source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (!ty->Is<sem::Struct>() && !pipeline_io_attribute) {
-        std::string err = "missing entry point IO attribute";
-        if (!is_struct_member) {
-          err +=
-              (param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? " on parameter"
-                                                          : " on return type");
-        }
-        AddError(err, source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (pipeline_io_attribute &&
-          pipeline_io_attribute->Is<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
-        if (ty->is_integer_scalar_or_vector() && !interpolate_attribute) {
-          // TODO(crbug.com/tint/1224): Make these errors once downstream
-          // usages have caught up (no sooner than M99).
-          if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex &&
-              param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kReturnType) {
-            AddWarning(
-                "integral user-defined vertex outputs must have a flat "
-                "interpolation attribute",
-                source);
-          }
-          if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment &&
-              param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter) {
-            AddWarning(
-                "integral user-defined fragment inputs must have a flat "
-                "interpolation attribute",
-                source);
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (invariant_attribute) {
-        bool has_position = false;
-        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
-          if (auto* builtin =
-                  pipeline_io_attribute->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
-            has_position = (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition);
-          }
-        }
-        if (!has_position) {
-          AddError(
-              "invariant attribute must only be applied to a position "
-              "builtin",
-              invariant_attribute->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  // Outer lambda for validating the entry point decorations for a type.
-  auto validate_entry_point_decorations = [&](const ast::DecorationList& decos,
-                                              const sem::Type* ty,
-                                              Source source,
-                                              ParamOrRetType param_or_ret) {
-    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations_inner(decos, ty, source, param_or_ret,
-                                                /*is_struct_member*/ false)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (auto* str = ty->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-      for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
-        if (!validate_entry_point_decorations_inner(
-                member->Declaration()->decorations, member->Type(),
-                member->Declaration()->source, param_or_ret,
-                /*is_struct_member*/ true)) {
-          AddNote("while analysing entry point '" +
-                      builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol) + "'",
-                  decl->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  for (auto* param : func->Parameters()) {
-    auto* param_decl = param->Declaration();
-    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations(param_decl->decorations,
-                                          param->Type(), param_decl->source,
-                                          ParamOrRetType::kParameter)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Clear IO sets after parameter validation. Builtin and location attributes
-  // in return types should be validated independently from those used in
-  // parameters.
-  builtins.clear();
-  locations.clear();
-
-  if (!func->ReturnType()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
-    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations(decl->return_type_decorations,
-                                          func->ReturnType(), decl->source,
-                                          ParamOrRetType::kReturnType)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex &&
-      builtins.count(ast::Builtin::kPosition) == 0) {
-    // Check module-scope variables, as the SPIR-V sanitizer generates these.
-    bool found = false;
-    for (auto* global : func->TransitivelyReferencedGlobals()) {
-      if (auto* builtin = ast::GetDecoration<ast::BuiltinDecoration>(
-              global->Declaration()->decorations)) {
-        if (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition) {
-          found = true;
-          break;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (!found) {
-      AddError(
-          "a vertex shader must include the 'position' builtin in its return "
-          "type",
-          decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-    if (!ast::HasDecoration<ast::WorkgroupDecoration>(decl->decorations)) {
-      AddError(
-          "a compute shader must include 'workgroup_size' in its "
-          "attributes",
-          decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // Validate there are no resource variable binding collisions
-  std::unordered_map<sem::BindingPoint, const ast::Variable*> binding_points;
-  for (auto* var : func->TransitivelyReferencedGlobals()) {
-    auto* var_decl = var->Declaration();
-    if (!var_decl->BindingPoint()) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    auto bp = var->BindingPoint();
-    auto res = binding_points.emplace(bp, var_decl);
-    if (!res.second &&
-        IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
-                            ast::DisabledValidation::kBindingPointCollision) &&
-        IsValidationEnabled(res.first->second->decorations,
-                            ast::DisabledValidation::kBindingPointCollision)) {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#resource-interface
-      // Bindings must not alias within a shader stage: two different
-      // variables in the resource interface of a given shader must not have
-      // the same group and binding values, when considered as a pair of
-      // values.
-      auto func_name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol);
-      AddError("entry point '" + func_name +
-                   "' references multiple variables that use the "
-                   "same resource binding [[group(" +
-                   std::to_string(bp.group) + "), binding(" +
-                   std::to_string(bp.binding) + ")]]",
-               var_decl->source);
-      AddNote("first resource binding usage declared here",
-              res.first->second->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Function* Resolver::Function(const ast::Function* decl) {
   variable_stack_.Push();
   TINT_DEFER(variable_stack_.Pop());
@@ -2065,29 +809,6 @@
   return true;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateStatements(const ast::StatementList& stmts) {
-  bool unreachable = false;
-  for (auto* stmt : stmts) {
-    if (unreachable) {
-      AddError("code is unreachable", stmt->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    auto* nested_stmt = stmt;
-    while (auto* block = nested_stmt->As<ast::BlockStatement>()) {
-      if (block->Empty()) {
-        break;
-      }
-      nested_stmt = block->statements.back();
-    }
-    if (nested_stmt->IsAnyOf<ast::ReturnStatement, ast::BreakStatement,
-                             ast::ContinueStatement, ast::DiscardStatement>()) {
-      unreachable = true;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::Statement(const ast::Statement* stmt) {
   if (stmt->Is<ast::CaseStatement>()) {
     AddError("case statement can only be used inside a switch statement",
@@ -2516,7 +1237,7 @@
   // Not a type, treat as a intrinsic / function call.
   auto name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol);
   auto intrinsic_type = sem::ParseIntrinsicType(name);
-  auto* call = (intrinsic_type != IntrinsicType::kNone)
+  auto* call = (intrinsic_type != sem::IntrinsicType::kNone)
                    ? IntrinsicCall(expr, intrinsic_type, std::move(args),
                                    std::move(arg_tys))
                    : FunctionCall(expr, std::move(args));
@@ -2557,29 +1278,6 @@
   return call;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateIntrinsicCall(const sem::Call* call) {
-  if (call->Type()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
-    bool is_call_statement = false;
-    if (auto* call_stmt = As<ast::CallStatement>(call->Stmt()->Declaration())) {
-      if (call_stmt->expr == call->Declaration()) {
-        is_call_statement = true;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!is_call_statement) {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#function-call-expr
-      // If the called function does not return a value, a function call
-      // statement should be used instead.
-      auto* ident = call->Declaration()->target.name;
-      auto name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol);
-      AddError("intrinsic '" + name + "' does not return a value",
-               call->Declaration()->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Call* Resolver::FunctionCall(
     const ast::CallExpression* expr,
     const std::vector<const sem::Expression*> args) {
@@ -2625,160 +1323,6 @@
   return call;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateTextureIntrinsicFunction(const sem::Call* call) {
-  auto* intrinsic = call->Target()->As<sem::Intrinsic>();
-  if (!intrinsic) {
-    return false;
-  }
-  std::string func_name = intrinsic->str();
-  auto& signature = intrinsic->Signature();
-  auto index = signature.IndexOf(sem::ParameterUsage::kOffset);
-  if (index > -1) {
-    auto* arg = call->Arguments()[index];
-    if (auto values = arg->ConstantValue()) {
-      // Assert that the constant values are of the expected type.
-      if (!values.Type()->Is<sem::Vector>() ||
-          !values.ElementType()->Is<sem::I32>()) {
-        TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-            << "failed to resolve '" + func_name + "' offset parameter type";
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      // Currently const_expr is restricted to literals and type constructors.
-      // Check that that's all we have for the offset parameter.
-      bool is_const_expr = true;
-      ast::TraverseExpressions(
-          arg->Declaration(), diagnostics_, [&](const ast::Expression* e) {
-            if (e->IsAnyOf<ast::LiteralExpression, ast::CallExpression>()) {
-              return ast::TraverseAction::Descend;
-            }
-            is_const_expr = false;
-            return ast::TraverseAction::Stop;
-          });
-      if (is_const_expr) {
-        for (auto offset : values.Elements()) {
-          auto offset_value = offset.i32;
-          if (offset_value < -8 || offset_value > 7) {
-            AddError("each offset component of '" + func_name +
-                         "' must be at least -8 and at most 7. "
-                         "found: '" +
-                         std::to_string(offset_value) + "'",
-                     arg->Declaration()->source);
-            return false;
-          }
-        }
-        return true;
-      }
-    }
-    AddError("'" + func_name + "' offset parameter must be a const_expression",
-             arg->Declaration()->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateFunctionCall(const sem::Call* call) {
-  auto* decl = call->Declaration();
-  auto* target = call->Target()->As<sem::Function>();
-  auto sym = decl->target.name->symbol;
-  auto name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym);
-
-  if (target->Declaration()->IsEntryPoint()) {
-    // https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#function-restriction
-    // An entry point must never be the target of a function call.
-    AddError("entry point functions cannot be the target of a function call",
-             decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (decl->args.size() != target->Parameters().size()) {
-    bool more = decl->args.size() > target->Parameters().size();
-    AddError("too " + (more ? std::string("many") : std::string("few")) +
-                 " arguments in call to '" + name + "', expected " +
-                 std::to_string(target->Parameters().size()) + ", got " +
-                 std::to_string(call->Arguments().size()),
-             decl->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < call->Arguments().size(); ++i) {
-    const sem::Variable* param = target->Parameters()[i];
-    const ast::Expression* arg_expr = decl->args[i];
-    auto* param_type = param->Type();
-    auto* arg_type = TypeOf(arg_expr)->UnwrapRef();
-
-    if (param_type != arg_type) {
-      AddError("type mismatch for argument " + std::to_string(i + 1) +
-                   " in call to '" + name + "', expected '" +
-                   TypeNameOf(param_type) + "', got '" + TypeNameOf(arg_type) +
-                   "'",
-               arg_expr->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (param_type->Is<sem::Pointer>()) {
-      auto is_valid = false;
-      if (auto* ident_expr = arg_expr->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
-        auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident_expr->symbol);
-        if (!var) {
-          TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_) << "failed to resolve identifier";
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (var->Is<sem::Parameter>()) {
-          is_valid = true;
-        }
-      } else if (auto* unary = arg_expr->As<ast::UnaryOpExpression>()) {
-        if (unary->op == ast::UnaryOp::kAddressOf) {
-          if (auto* ident_unary =
-                  unary->expr->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
-            auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident_unary->symbol);
-            if (!var) {
-              TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-                  << "failed to resolve identifier";
-              return false;
-            }
-            if (var->Declaration()->is_const) {
-              TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-                  << "Resolver::FunctionCall() encountered an address-of "
-                     "expression of a constant identifier expression";
-              return false;
-            }
-            is_valid = true;
-          }
-        }
-      }
-
-      if (!is_valid &&
-          IsValidationEnabled(
-              param->Declaration()->decorations,
-              ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreInvalidPointerArgument)) {
-        AddError(
-            "expected an address-of expression of a variable identifier "
-            "expression or a function parameter",
-            arg_expr->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (call->Type()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
-    bool is_call_statement = false;
-    if (auto* call_stmt = As<ast::CallStatement>(call->Stmt()->Declaration())) {
-      if (call_stmt->expr == call->Declaration()) {
-        is_call_statement = true;
-      }
-    }
-    if (!is_call_statement) {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#function-call-expr
-      // If the called function does not return a value, a function call
-      // statement should be used instead.
-      AddError("function '" + name + "' does not return a value", decl->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Call* Resolver::TypeConversion(const ast::CallExpression* expr,
                                     const sem::Type* target,
                                     const sem::Expression* arg,
@@ -2917,257 +1461,6 @@
                                            val);
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateStructureConstructorOrCast(
-    const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
-    const sem::Struct* struct_type) {
-  if (!struct_type->IsConstructible()) {
-    AddError("struct constructor has non-constructible type", ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (ctor->args.size() > 0) {
-    if (ctor->args.size() != struct_type->Members().size()) {
-      std::string fm =
-          ctor->args.size() < struct_type->Members().size() ? "few" : "many";
-      AddError("struct constructor has too " + fm + " inputs: expected " +
-                   std::to_string(struct_type->Members().size()) + ", found " +
-                   std::to_string(ctor->args.size()),
-               ctor->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-    for (auto* member : struct_type->Members()) {
-      auto* value = ctor->args[member->Index()];
-      auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value);
-      if (member->Type() != value_ty->UnwrapRef()) {
-        AddError(
-            "type in struct constructor does not match struct member type: "
-            "expected '" +
-                TypeNameOf(member->Type()) + "', found '" +
-                TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
-            value->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateArrayConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
-                                              const sem::Array* array_type) {
-  auto& values = ctor->args;
-  auto* elem_ty = array_type->ElemType();
-  for (auto* value : values) {
-    auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
-    if (value_ty != elem_ty) {
-      AddError(
-          "type in array constructor does not match array type: "
-          "expected '" +
-              TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
-          value->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (array_type->IsRuntimeSized()) {
-    AddError("cannot init a runtime-sized array", ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  } else if (!elem_ty->IsConstructible()) {
-    AddError("array constructor has non-constructible element type",
-             ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  } else if (!values.empty() && (values.size() != array_type->Count())) {
-    std::string fm = values.size() < array_type->Count() ? "few" : "many";
-    AddError("array constructor has too " + fm + " elements: expected " +
-                 std::to_string(array_type->Count()) + ", found " +
-                 std::to_string(values.size()),
-             ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  } else if (values.size() > array_type->Count()) {
-    AddError("array constructor has too many elements: expected " +
-                 std::to_string(array_type->Count()) + ", found " +
-                 std::to_string(values.size()),
-             ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateVectorConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
-                                               const sem::Vector* vec_type) {
-  auto& values = ctor->args;
-  auto* elem_ty = vec_type->type();
-  size_t value_cardinality_sum = 0;
-  for (auto* value : values) {
-    auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
-    if (value_ty->is_scalar()) {
-      if (elem_ty != value_ty) {
-        AddError(
-            "type in vector constructor does not match vector type: "
-            "expected '" +
-                TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
-            value->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      value_cardinality_sum++;
-    } else if (auto* value_vec = value_ty->As<sem::Vector>()) {
-      auto* value_elem_ty = value_vec->type();
-      // A mismatch of vector type parameter T is only an error if multiple
-      // arguments are present. A single argument constructor constitutes a
-      // type conversion expression.
-      if (elem_ty != value_elem_ty && values.size() > 1u) {
-        AddError(
-            "type in vector constructor does not match vector type: "
-            "expected '" +
-                TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_elem_ty) +
-                "'",
-            value->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      value_cardinality_sum += value_vec->Width();
-    } else {
-      // A vector constructor can only accept vectors and scalars.
-      AddError("expected vector or scalar type in vector constructor; found: " +
-                   TypeNameOf(value_ty),
-               value->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  // A correct vector constructor must either be a zero-value expression,
-  // a single-value initializer (splat) expression, or the number of components
-  // of all constructor arguments must add up to the vector cardinality.
-  if (value_cardinality_sum > 1 && value_cardinality_sum != vec_type->Width()) {
-    if (values.empty()) {
-      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-          << "constructor arguments expected to be non-empty!";
-    }
-    const Source& values_start = values[0]->source;
-    const Source& values_end = values[values.size() - 1]->source;
-    AddError("attempted to construct '" + TypeNameOf(vec_type) + "' with " +
-                 std::to_string(value_cardinality_sum) + " component(s)",
-             Source::Combine(values_start, values_end));
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateVector(const sem::Vector* ty, const Source& source) {
-  if (!ty->type()->is_scalar()) {
-    AddError("vector element type must be 'bool', 'f32', 'i32' or 'u32'",
-             source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateMatrix(const sem::Matrix* ty, const Source& source) {
-  if (!ty->is_float_matrix()) {
-    AddError("matrix element type must be 'f32'", source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateMatrixConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
-                                               const sem::Matrix* matrix_ty) {
-  auto& values = ctor->args;
-  // Zero Value expression
-  if (values.empty()) {
-    return true;
-  }
-
-  if (!ValidateMatrix(matrix_ty, ctor->source)) {
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto* elem_type = matrix_ty->type();
-  auto num_elements = matrix_ty->columns() * matrix_ty->rows();
-
-  // Print a generic error for an invalid matrix constructor, showing the
-  // available overloads.
-  auto print_error = [&]() {
-    const Source& values_start = values[0]->source;
-    const Source& values_end = values[values.size() - 1]->source;
-    auto type_name = TypeNameOf(matrix_ty);
-    auto elem_type_name = TypeNameOf(elem_type);
-    std::stringstream ss;
-    ss << "invalid constructor for " + type_name << std::endl << std::endl;
-    ss << "3 candidates available:" << std::endl;
-    ss << "  " << type_name << "()" << std::endl;
-    ss << "  " << type_name << "(" << elem_type_name << ",...,"
-       << elem_type_name << ")"
-       << " // " << std::to_string(num_elements) << " arguments" << std::endl;
-    ss << "  " << type_name << "(";
-    for (uint32_t c = 0; c < matrix_ty->columns(); c++) {
-      if (c > 0) {
-        ss << ", ";
-      }
-      ss << VectorPretty(matrix_ty->rows(), elem_type);
-    }
-    ss << ")" << std::endl;
-    AddError(ss.str(), Source::Combine(values_start, values_end));
-  };
-
-  const sem::Type* expected_arg_type = nullptr;
-  if (num_elements == values.size()) {
-    // Column-major construction from scalar elements.
-    expected_arg_type = matrix_ty->type();
-  } else if (matrix_ty->columns() == values.size()) {
-    // Column-by-column construction from vectors.
-    expected_arg_type = matrix_ty->ColumnType();
-  } else {
-    print_error();
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  for (auto* value : values) {
-    if (TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef() != expected_arg_type) {
-      print_error();
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateScalarConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
-                                               const sem::Type* ty) {
-  if (ctor->args.size() == 0) {
-    return true;
-  }
-  if (ctor->args.size() > 1) {
-    AddError("expected zero or one value in constructor, got " +
-                 std::to_string(ctor->args.size()),
-             ctor->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  // Validate constructor
-  auto* value = ctor->args[0];
-  auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
-
-  using Bool = sem::Bool;
-  using I32 = sem::I32;
-  using U32 = sem::U32;
-  using F32 = sem::F32;
-
-  const bool is_valid = (ty->Is<Bool>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
-                        (ty->Is<I32>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
-                        (ty->Is<U32>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
-                        (ty->Is<F32>() && value_ty->is_scalar());
-  if (!is_valid) {
-    AddError("cannot construct '" + TypeNameOf(ty) +
-                 "' with a value of type '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
-             ctor->source);
-
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Expression* Resolver::Identifier(const ast::IdentifierExpression* expr) {
   auto symbol = expr->symbol;
   if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(symbol)) {
@@ -3226,7 +1519,7 @@
   }
 
   std::string name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(symbol);
-  if (sem::ParseIntrinsicType(name) != IntrinsicType::kNone) {
+  if (sem::ParseIntrinsicType(name) != sem::IntrinsicType::kNone) {
     AddError("missing '(' for intrinsic call", expr->source.End());
     return nullptr;
   }
@@ -3682,23 +1975,6 @@
   return result;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateTypeDecl(const ast::TypeDecl* named_type) const {
-  auto iter = named_type_info_.find(named_type->name);
-  if (iter == named_type_info_.end()) {
-    TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-        << "ValidateTypeDecl called() before TypeDecl()";
-  }
-  if (iter->second.ast != named_type) {
-    AddError("type with the name '" +
-                 builder_->Symbols().NameFor(named_type->name) +
-                 "' was already declared",
-             named_type->source);
-    AddNote("first declared here", iter->second.ast->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 sem::Type* Resolver::TypeOf(const ast::Expression* expr) {
   auto* sem = Sem(expr);
   return sem ? const_cast<sem::Type*>(sem->Type()) : nullptr;
@@ -3730,117 +2006,6 @@
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidatePipelineStages() {
-  auto check_workgroup_storage = [&](const sem::Function* func,
-                                     const sem::Function* entry_point) {
-    auto stage = entry_point->Declaration()->PipelineStage();
-    if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-      for (auto* var : func->DirectlyReferencedGlobals()) {
-        if (var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
-          std::stringstream stage_name;
-          stage_name << stage;
-          for (auto* user : var->Users()) {
-            if (func == user->Stmt()->Function()) {
-              AddError("workgroup memory cannot be used by " +
-                           stage_name.str() + " pipeline stage",
-                       user->Declaration()->source);
-              break;
-            }
-          }
-          AddNote("variable is declared here", var->Declaration()->source);
-          if (func != entry_point) {
-            TraverseCallChain(entry_point, func, [&](const sem::Function* f) {
-              AddNote(
-                  "called by function '" +
-                      builder_->Symbols().NameFor(f->Declaration()->symbol) +
-                      "'",
-                  f->Declaration()->source);
-            });
-            AddNote("called by entry point '" +
-                        builder_->Symbols().NameFor(
-                            entry_point->Declaration()->symbol) +
-                        "'",
-                    entry_point->Declaration()->source);
-          }
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  for (auto* entry_point : entry_points_) {
-    if (!check_workgroup_storage(entry_point, entry_point)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    for (auto* func : entry_point->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
-      if (!check_workgroup_storage(func, entry_point)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  auto check_intrinsic_calls = [&](const sem::Function* func,
-                                   const sem::Function* entry_point) {
-    auto stage = entry_point->Declaration()->PipelineStage();
-    for (auto* intrinsic : func->DirectlyCalledIntrinsics()) {
-      if (!intrinsic->SupportedStages().Contains(stage)) {
-        auto* call = func->FindDirectCallTo(intrinsic);
-        std::stringstream err;
-        err << "built-in cannot be used by " << stage << " pipeline stage";
-        AddError(err.str(), call ? call->Declaration()->source
-                                 : func->Declaration()->source);
-        if (func != entry_point) {
-          TraverseCallChain(entry_point, func, [&](const sem::Function* f) {
-            AddNote("called by function '" +
-                        builder_->Symbols().NameFor(f->Declaration()->symbol) +
-                        "'",
-                    f->Declaration()->source);
-          });
-          AddNote("called by entry point '" +
-                      builder_->Symbols().NameFor(
-                          entry_point->Declaration()->symbol) +
-                      "'",
-                  entry_point->Declaration()->source);
-        }
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  for (auto* entry_point : entry_points_) {
-    if (!check_intrinsic_calls(entry_point, entry_point)) {
-      return false;
-    }
-    for (auto* func : entry_point->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
-      if (!check_intrinsic_calls(func, entry_point)) {
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-template <typename CALLBACK>
-void Resolver::TraverseCallChain(const sem::Function* from,
-                                 const sem::Function* to,
-                                 CALLBACK&& callback) const {
-  for (auto* f : from->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
-    if (f == to) {
-      callback(f);
-      return;
-    }
-    if (f->TransitivelyCalledFunctions().contains(to)) {
-      TraverseCallChain(f, to, callback);
-      callback(f);
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-      << "TraverseCallChain() 'from' does not transitively call 'to'";
-}
-
 sem::Array* Resolver::Array(const ast::Array* arr) {
   auto source = arr->source;
 
@@ -3977,378 +2142,6 @@
   return out;
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateArray(const sem::Array* arr, const Source& source) {
-  auto* el_ty = arr->ElemType();
-
-  if (auto* el_str = el_ty->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-    if (el_str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
-      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#attributes
-      // A structure type with the block attribute must not be:
-      // * the element type of an array type
-      // * the member type in another structure
-      AddError(
-          "A structure type with a [[block]] decoration cannot be used as an "
-          "element of an array",
-          source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateArrayStrideDecoration(const ast::StrideDecoration* deco,
-                                             uint32_t el_size,
-                                             uint32_t el_align,
-                                             const Source& source) {
-  auto stride = deco->stride;
-  bool is_valid_stride =
-      (stride >= el_size) && (stride >= el_align) && (stride % el_align == 0);
-  if (!is_valid_stride) {
-    // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#array-layout-rules
-    // Arrays decorated with the stride attribute must have a stride that is
-    // at least the size of the element type, and be a multiple of the
-    // element type's alignment value.
-    AddError(
-        "arrays decorated with the stride attribute must have a stride "
-        "that is at least the size of the element type, and be a multiple "
-        "of the element type's alignment value.",
-        source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateStructure(const sem::Struct* str) {
-  if (str->Members().empty()) {
-    AddError("structures must have at least one member",
-             str->Declaration()->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  std::unordered_set<uint32_t> locations;
-  for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
-    if (auto* r = member->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
-      if (r->IsRuntimeSized()) {
-        if (member != str->Members().back()) {
-          AddError(
-              "runtime arrays may only appear as the last member of a struct",
-              member->Declaration()->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
-          AddError(
-              "a struct containing a runtime-sized array "
-              "requires the [[block]] attribute: '" +
-                  builder_->Symbols().NameFor(str->Declaration()->name) + "'",
-              member->Declaration()->source);
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    auto has_position = false;
-    const ast::InvariantDecoration* invariant_attribute = nullptr;
-    for (auto* deco : member->Declaration()->decorations) {
-      if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration,             //
-                         ast::InternalDecoration,            //
-                         ast::InterpolateDecoration,         //
-                         ast::InvariantDecoration,           //
-                         ast::LocationDecoration,            //
-                         ast::StructMemberOffsetDecoration,  //
-                         ast::StructMemberSizeDecoration,    //
-                         ast::StructMemberAlignDecoration>()) {
-        if (deco->Is<ast::StrideDecoration>() &&
-            IsValidationDisabled(
-                member->Declaration()->decorations,
-                ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStrideDecoration)) {
-          continue;
-        }
-        AddError("decoration is not valid for structure members", deco->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      if (auto* invariant = deco->As<ast::InvariantDecoration>()) {
-        invariant_attribute = invariant;
-      } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
-        if (!ValidateLocationDecoration(location, member->Type(), locations,
-                                        member->Declaration()->source)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      } else if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
-        if (!ValidateBuiltinDecoration(builtin, member->Type(),
-                                       /* is_input */ false)) {
-          return false;
-        }
-        if (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition) {
-          has_position = true;
-        }
-      } else if (auto* interpolate = deco->As<ast::InterpolateDecoration>()) {
-        if (!ValidateInterpolateDecoration(interpolate, member->Type())) {
-          return false;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (invariant_attribute && !has_position) {
-      AddError("invariant attribute must only be applied to a position builtin",
-               invariant_attribute->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    if (auto* member_struct_type = member->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
-      if (auto* member_struct_type_block_decoration =
-              ast::GetDecoration<ast::StructBlockDecoration>(
-                  member_struct_type->Declaration()->decorations)) {
-        AddError("structs must not contain [[block]] decorated struct members",
-                 member->Declaration()->source);
-        AddNote("see member's struct decoration here",
-                member_struct_type_block_decoration->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  for (auto* deco : str->Declaration()->decorations) {
-    if (!(deco->Is<ast::StructBlockDecoration>())) {
-      AddError("decoration is not valid for struct declarations", deco->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateLocationDecoration(
-    const ast::LocationDecoration* location,
-    const sem::Type* type,
-    std::unordered_set<uint32_t>& locations,
-    const Source& source,
-    const bool is_input) {
-  std::string inputs_or_output = is_input ? "inputs" : "output";
-  if (current_function_ && current_function_->Declaration()->PipelineStage() ==
-                               ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
-    AddError("decoration is not valid for compute shader " + inputs_or_output,
-             location->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!type->is_numeric_scalar_or_vector()) {
-    std::string invalid_type = TypeNameOf(type);
-    AddError("cannot apply 'location' attribute to declaration of type '" +
-                 invalid_type + "'",
-             source);
-    AddNote(
-        "'location' attribute must only be applied to declarations of "
-        "numeric scalar or numeric vector type",
-        location->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (locations.count(location->value)) {
-    AddError(deco_to_str(location) + " attribute appears multiple times",
-             location->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  locations.emplace(location->value);
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-sem::Struct* Resolver::Structure(const ast::Struct* str) {
-  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(str->decorations)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  for (auto* deco : str->decorations) {
-    Mark(deco);
-  }
-
-  sem::StructMemberList sem_members;
-  sem_members.reserve(str->members.size());
-
-  // Calculate the effective size and alignment of each field, and the overall
-  // size of the structure.
-  // For size, use the size attribute if provided, otherwise use the default
-  // size for the type.
-  // For alignment, use the alignment attribute if provided, otherwise use the
-  // default alignment for the member type.
-  // Diagnostic errors are raised if a basic rule is violated.
-  // Validation of storage-class rules requires analysing the actual variable
-  // usage of the structure, and so is performed as part of the variable
-  // validation.
-  uint64_t struct_size = 0;
-  uint64_t struct_align = 1;
-  std::unordered_map<Symbol, const ast::StructMember*> member_map;
-
-  for (auto* member : str->members) {
-    Mark(member);
-    auto result = member_map.emplace(member->symbol, member);
-    if (!result.second) {
-      AddError("redefinition of '" +
-                   builder_->Symbols().NameFor(member->symbol) + "'",
-               member->source);
-      AddNote("previous definition is here", result.first->second->source);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Resolve member type
-    auto* type = Type(member->type);
-    if (!type) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    // Validate member type
-    if (!IsPlain(type)) {
-      AddError(TypeNameOf(type) +
-                   " cannot be used as the type of a structure member",
-               member->source);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    uint64_t offset = struct_size;
-    uint64_t align = type->Align();
-    uint64_t size = type->Size();
-
-    if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(member->decorations)) {
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    bool has_offset_deco = false;
-    bool has_align_deco = false;
-    bool has_size_deco = false;
-    for (auto* deco : member->decorations) {
-      Mark(deco);
-      if (auto* o = deco->As<ast::StructMemberOffsetDecoration>()) {
-        // Offset decorations are not part of the WGSL spec, but are emitted
-        // by the SPIR-V reader.
-        if (o->offset < struct_size) {
-          AddError("offsets must be in ascending order", o->source);
-          return nullptr;
-        }
-        offset = o->offset;
-        align = 1;
-        has_offset_deco = true;
-      } else if (auto* a = deco->As<ast::StructMemberAlignDecoration>()) {
-        if (a->align <= 0 || !utils::IsPowerOfTwo(a->align)) {
-          AddError("align value must be a positive, power-of-two integer",
-                   a->source);
-          return nullptr;
-        }
-        align = a->align;
-        has_align_deco = true;
-      } else if (auto* s = deco->As<ast::StructMemberSizeDecoration>()) {
-        if (s->size < size) {
-          AddError("size must be at least as big as the type's size (" +
-                       std::to_string(size) + ")",
-                   s->source);
-          return nullptr;
-        }
-        size = s->size;
-        has_size_deco = true;
-      }
-    }
-
-    if (has_offset_deco && (has_align_deco || has_size_deco)) {
-      AddError(
-          "offset decorations cannot be used with align or size decorations",
-          member->source);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    offset = utils::RoundUp(align, offset);
-    if (offset > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-      std::stringstream msg;
-      msg << "struct member has byte offset 0x" << std::hex << offset
-          << ", but must not exceed 0x" << std::hex
-          << std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
-      AddError(msg.str(), member->source);
-      return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    auto* sem_member = builder_->create<sem::StructMember>(
-        member, member->symbol, type, static_cast<uint32_t>(sem_members.size()),
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), static_cast<uint32_t>(align),
-        static_cast<uint32_t>(size));
-    builder_->Sem().Add(member, sem_member);
-    sem_members.emplace_back(sem_member);
-
-    struct_size = offset + size;
-    struct_align = std::max(struct_align, align);
-  }
-
-  uint64_t size_no_padding = struct_size;
-  struct_size = utils::RoundUp(struct_align, struct_size);
-
-  if (struct_size > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-    std::stringstream msg;
-    msg << "struct size in bytes must not exceed 0x" << std::hex
-        << std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max() << ", but is 0x" << std::hex
-        << struct_size;
-    AddError(msg.str(), str->source);
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-  if (struct_align > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
-    TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-        << "calculated struct stride exceeds uint32";
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  auto* out = builder_->create<sem::Struct>(
-      str, str->name, sem_members, static_cast<uint32_t>(struct_align),
-      static_cast<uint32_t>(struct_size),
-      static_cast<uint32_t>(size_no_padding));
-
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < sem_members.size(); i++) {
-    auto* mem_type = sem_members[i]->Type();
-    if (mem_type->Is<sem::Atomic>()) {
-      atomic_composite_info_.emplace(out,
-                                     sem_members[i]->Declaration()->source);
-      break;
-    } else {
-      auto found = atomic_composite_info_.find(mem_type);
-      if (found != atomic_composite_info_.end()) {
-        atomic_composite_info_.emplace(out, found->second);
-        break;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!ValidateStructure(out)) {
-    return nullptr;
-  }
-
-  return out;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateReturn(const ast::ReturnStatement* ret) {
-  auto* func_type = current_function_->ReturnType();
-
-  auto* ret_type = ret->value ? TypeOf(ret->value)->UnwrapRef()
-                              : builder_->create<sem::Void>();
-
-  if (func_type->UnwrapRef() != ret_type) {
-    AddError(
-        "return statement type must match its function "
-        "return type, returned '" +
-            TypeNameOf(ret_type) + "', expected '" + TypeNameOf(func_type) +
-            "'",
-        ret->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto* sem = Sem(ret);
-  if (auto* continuing =
-          sem->FindFirstParent<sem::LoopContinuingBlockStatement>()) {
-    AddError("continuing blocks must not contain a return statement",
-             ret->source);
-    if (continuing != sem->Parent()) {
-      AddNote("see continuing block here", continuing->Declaration()->source);
-    }
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::Return(const ast::ReturnStatement* ret) {
   if (auto* value = ret->value) {
     if (!Expression(value)) {
@@ -4361,74 +2154,6 @@
   return ValidateReturn(ret);
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateSwitch(const ast::SwitchStatement* s) {
-  auto* cond_type = TypeOf(s->condition)->UnwrapRef();
-  if (!cond_type->is_integer_scalar()) {
-    AddError(
-        "switch statement selector expression must be of a "
-        "scalar integer type",
-        s->condition->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  bool has_default = false;
-  std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Source> selectors;
-
-  for (auto* case_stmt : s->body) {
-    if (case_stmt->IsDefault()) {
-      if (has_default) {
-        // More than one default clause
-        AddError("switch statement must have exactly one default clause",
-                 case_stmt->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      has_default = true;
-    }
-
-    for (auto* selector : case_stmt->selectors) {
-      if (cond_type != TypeOf(selector)) {
-        AddError(
-            "the case selector values must have the same "
-            "type as the selector expression.",
-            case_stmt->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-
-      auto v = selector->ValueAsU32();
-      auto it = selectors.find(v);
-      if (it != selectors.end()) {
-        auto val = selector->Is<ast::IntLiteralExpression>()
-                       ? std::to_string(selector->ValueAsI32())
-                       : std::to_string(selector->ValueAsU32());
-        AddError("duplicate switch case '" + val + "'", selector->source);
-        AddNote("previous case declared here", it->second);
-        return false;
-      }
-      selectors.emplace(v, selector->source);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (!has_default) {
-    // No default clause
-    AddError("switch statement must have a default clause", s->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  if (!s->body.empty()) {
-    auto* last_clause = s->body.back()->As<ast::CaseStatement>();
-    auto* last_stmt = last_clause->body->Last();
-    if (last_stmt && last_stmt->Is<ast::FallthroughStatement>()) {
-      AddError(
-          "a fallthrough statement must not appear as "
-          "the last statement in last clause of a switch",
-          last_stmt->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::SwitchStatement(const ast::SwitchStatement* stmt) {
   auto* sem = builder_->create<sem::SwitchStatement>(
       stmt, current_compound_statement_, current_function_);
@@ -4458,121 +2183,6 @@
   return ValidateAssignment(a);
 }
 
-bool Resolver::ValidateAssignment(const ast::AssignmentStatement* a) {
-  auto const* rhs_ty = TypeOf(a->rhs);
-
-  if (a->lhs->Is<ast::PhonyExpression>()) {
-    // https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#phony-assignment-section
-    auto* ty = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();
-    if (!ty->IsConstructible() &&
-        !ty->IsAnyOf<sem::Pointer, sem::Texture, sem::Sampler>()) {
-      AddError(
-          "cannot assign '" + TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) +
-              "' to '_'. '_' can only be assigned a constructible, pointer, "
-              "texture or sampler type",
-          a->rhs->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-    return true;  // RHS can be anything.
-  }
-
-  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#assignment-statement
-  auto const* lhs_ty = TypeOf(a->lhs);
-
-  if (auto* ident = a->lhs->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
-    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident->symbol)) {
-      if (var->Is<sem::Parameter>()) {
-        AddError("cannot assign to function parameter", a->lhs->source);
-        AddNote("'" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol) +
-                    "' is declared here:",
-                var->Declaration()->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-      if (var->Declaration()->is_const) {
-        AddError("cannot assign to const", a->lhs->source);
-        AddNote("'" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol) +
-                    "' is declared here:",
-                var->Declaration()->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  auto* lhs_ref = lhs_ty->As<sem::Reference>();
-  if (!lhs_ref) {
-    // LHS is not a reference, so it has no storage.
-    AddError("cannot assign to value of type '" + TypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
-             a->lhs->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-
-  auto* storage_ty = lhs_ref->StoreType();
-  auto* value_type = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();  // Implicit load of RHS
-
-  // Value type has to match storage type
-  if (storage_ty != value_type) {
-    AddError("cannot assign '" + TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) + "' to '" +
-                 TypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
-             a->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (!storage_ty->IsConstructible()) {
-    AddError("storage type of assignment must be constructible", a->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  if (lhs_ref->Access() == ast::Access::kRead) {
-    AddError(
-        "cannot store into a read-only type '" + RawTypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
-        a->source);
-    return false;
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateNoDuplicateDefinition(Symbol sym,
-                                             const Source& source,
-                                             bool check_global_scope_only) {
-  if (check_global_scope_only) {
-    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(sym)) {
-      if (var->Is<sem::GlobalVariable>()) {
-        AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
-                 source);
-        AddNote("previous definition is here", var->Declaration()->source);
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    auto it = symbol_to_function_.find(sym);
-    if (it != symbol_to_function_.end()) {
-      AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
-               source);
-      AddNote("previous definition is here", it->second->Declaration()->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  } else {
-    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(sym)) {
-      AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
-               source);
-      AddNote("previous definition is here", var->Declaration()->source);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
-bool Resolver::ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(
-    const ast::DecorationList& decorations) {
-  std::unordered_map<const TypeInfo*, Source> seen;
-  for (auto* d : decorations) {
-    auto res = seen.emplace(&d->TypeInfo(), d->source);
-    if (!res.second && !d->Is<ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
-      AddError("duplicate " + d->Name() + " decoration", d->source);
-      AddNote("first decoration declared here", res.first->second);
-      return false;
-    }
-  }
-  return true;
-}
-
 bool Resolver::ApplyStorageClassUsageToType(ast::StorageClass sc,
                                             sem::Type* ty,
                                             const Source& usage) {
@@ -4665,17 +2275,44 @@
   diagnostics_.add_note(diag::System::Resolver, msg, source);
 }
 
-template <typename SEM, typename AST_OR_TYPE>
-const sem::Info::GetResultType<SEM, AST_OR_TYPE>* Resolver::Sem(
-    const AST_OR_TYPE* ast) {
-  auto* sem = builder_->Sem().Get<SEM>(ast);
-  if (!sem) {
-    TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
-        << "AST node '" << ast->TypeInfo().name << "' had no semantic info\n"
-        << "At: " << ast->source << "\n"
-        << "Pointer: " << ast;
+// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#plain-types-section
+bool Resolver::IsPlain(const sem::Type* type) const {
+  return type->is_scalar() ||
+         type->IsAnyOf<sem::Atomic, sem::Vector, sem::Matrix, sem::Array,
+                       sem::Struct>();
+}
+
+// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl.html#storable-types
+bool Resolver::IsStorable(const sem::Type* type) const {
+  return IsPlain(type) || type->IsAnyOf<sem::Texture, sem::Sampler>();
+}
+
+// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl.html#host-shareable-types
+bool Resolver::IsHostShareable(const sem::Type* type) const {
+  if (type->IsAnyOf<sem::I32, sem::U32, sem::F32>()) {
+    return true;
   }
-  return sem;
+  if (auto* vec = type->As<sem::Vector>()) {
+    return IsHostShareable(vec->type());
+  }
+  if (auto* mat = type->As<sem::Matrix>()) {
+    return IsHostShareable(mat->type());
+  }
+  if (auto* arr = type->As<sem::Array>()) {
+    return IsHostShareable(arr->ElemType());
+  }
+  if (auto* str = type->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+    for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
+      if (!IsHostShareable(member->Type())) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (auto* atomic = type->As<sem::Atomic>()) {
+    return IsHostShareable(atomic->Type());
+  }
+  return false;
 }
 
 ////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
diff --git a/src/resolver/resolver.h b/src/resolver/resolver.h
index a82dab7..b5177bd 100644
--- a/src/resolver/resolver.h
+++ b/src/resolver/resolver.h
@@ -271,6 +271,18 @@
                                   ast::StorageClass sc);
   bool ValidateStorageClassLayout(const sem::Variable* var);
 
+  /// @returns true if the decoration list contains a
+  /// ast::DisableValidationDecoration with the validation mode equal to
+  /// `validation`
+  bool IsValidationDisabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
+                            ast::DisabledValidation validation) const;
+
+  /// @returns true if the decoration list does not contains a
+  /// ast::DisableValidationDecoration with the validation mode equal to
+  /// `validation`
+  bool IsValidationEnabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
+                           ast::DisabledValidation validation) const;
+
   /// Resolves the WorkgroupSize for the given function
   bool WorkgroupSizeFor(const ast::Function*, sem::WorkgroupSize& ws);
 
@@ -287,7 +299,8 @@
   /// Builds and returns the semantic information for the array `arr`.
   /// This method does not mark the ast::Array node, nor attach the generated
   /// semantic information to the AST node.
-  /// @returns the semantic Array information, or nullptr if an error is raised.
+  /// @returns the semantic Array information, or nullptr if an error is
+  /// raised.
   /// @param arr the Array to get semantic information for
   sem::Array* Array(const ast::Array* arr);
 
@@ -298,8 +311,8 @@
   /// raised. raised, nullptr is returned.
   sem::Struct* Structure(const ast::Struct* str);
 
-  /// @returns the semantic info for the variable `var`. If an error is raised,
-  /// nullptr is returned.
+  /// @returns the semantic info for the variable `var`. If an error is
+  /// raised, nullptr is returned.
   /// @note this method does not resolve the decorations as these are
   /// context-dependent (global, local, parameter)
   /// @param var the variable to create or return the `VariableInfo` for
@@ -315,7 +328,8 @@
   /// @param sc the storage class to apply to the type and transitent types
   /// @param ty the type to apply the storage class on
   /// @param usage the Source of the root variable declaration that uses the
-  /// given type and storage class. Used for generating sensible error messages.
+  /// given type and storage class. Used for generating sensible error
+  /// messages.
   /// @returns true on success, false on error
   bool ApplyStorageClassUsageToType(ast::StorageClass sc,
                                     sem::Type* ty,
@@ -332,7 +346,8 @@
   /// @param expr the expression
   sem::Type* TypeOf(const ast::Expression* expr);
 
-  /// @returns the type name of the given semantic type, unwrapping references.
+  /// @returns the type name of the given semantic type, unwrapping
+  /// references.
   std::string TypeNameOf(const sem::Type* ty);
 
   /// @returns the type name of the given semantic type, without unwrapping
@@ -360,7 +375,8 @@
   std::string VectorPretty(uint32_t size, const sem::Type* element_type);
 
   /// Mark records that the given AST node has been visited, and asserts that
-  /// the given node has not already been seen. Diamonds in the AST are illegal.
+  /// the given node has not already been seen. Diamonds in the AST are
+  /// illegal.
   /// @param node the AST node.
   void Mark(const ast::Node* node);
 
@@ -373,11 +389,6 @@
   /// Adds the given note message to the diagnostics
   void AddNote(const std::string& msg, const Source& source) const;
 
-  template <typename CALLBACK>
-  void TraverseCallChain(const sem::Function* from,
-                         const sem::Function* to,
-                         CALLBACK&& callback) const;
-
   //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
   /// Constant value evaluation methods
   //////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
@@ -396,7 +407,16 @@
   /// Sem is a helper for obtaining the semantic node for the given AST node.
   template <typename SEM = sem::Info::InferFromAST,
             typename AST_OR_TYPE = CastableBase>
-  const sem::Info::GetResultType<SEM, AST_OR_TYPE>* Sem(const AST_OR_TYPE* ast);
+  auto* Sem(const AST_OR_TYPE* ast) {
+    auto* sem = builder_->Sem().Get<SEM>(ast);
+    if (!sem) {
+      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+          << "AST node '" << ast->TypeInfo().name << "' had no semantic info\n"
+          << "At: " << ast->source << "\n"
+          << "Pointer: " << ast;
+    }
+    return sem;
+  }
 
   struct TypeConversionSig {
     const sem::Type* target;
diff --git a/src/resolver/resolver_validation.cc b/src/resolver/resolver_validation.cc
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfe76bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/resolver/resolver_validation.cc
@@ -0,0 +1,2434 @@
+// Copyright 2020 The Tint Authors.
+//
+// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+// You may obtain a copy of the License at
+//
+//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+//
+// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+// limitations under the License.
+
+#include "src/resolver/resolver.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
+#include <iomanip>
+#include <limits>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "src/ast/alias.h"
+#include "src/ast/array.h"
+#include "src/ast/assignment_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/bitcast_expression.h"
+#include "src/ast/break_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/call_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/continue_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/depth_texture.h"
+#include "src/ast/disable_validation_decoration.h"
+#include "src/ast/discard_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/fallthrough_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/for_loop_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/if_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/internal_decoration.h"
+#include "src/ast/interpolate_decoration.h"
+#include "src/ast/loop_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/matrix.h"
+#include "src/ast/override_decoration.h"
+#include "src/ast/pointer.h"
+#include "src/ast/return_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/sampled_texture.h"
+#include "src/ast/sampler.h"
+#include "src/ast/storage_texture.h"
+#include "src/ast/struct_block_decoration.h"
+#include "src/ast/switch_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/traverse_expressions.h"
+#include "src/ast/type_name.h"
+#include "src/ast/unary_op_expression.h"
+#include "src/ast/variable_decl_statement.h"
+#include "src/ast/vector.h"
+#include "src/ast/workgroup_decoration.h"
+#include "src/sem/array.h"
+#include "src/sem/atomic_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/call.h"
+#include "src/sem/depth_multisampled_texture_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/depth_texture_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/for_loop_statement.h"
+#include "src/sem/function.h"
+#include "src/sem/if_statement.h"
+#include "src/sem/loop_statement.h"
+#include "src/sem/member_accessor_expression.h"
+#include "src/sem/multisampled_texture_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/pointer_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/reference_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/sampled_texture_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/sampler_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/statement.h"
+#include "src/sem/storage_texture_type.h"
+#include "src/sem/struct.h"
+#include "src/sem/switch_statement.h"
+#include "src/sem/type_constructor.h"
+#include "src/sem/type_conversion.h"
+#include "src/sem/variable.h"
+#include "src/utils/defer.h"
+#include "src/utils/get_or_create.h"
+#include "src/utils/math.h"
+#include "src/utils/reverse.h"
+#include "src/utils/scoped_assignment.h"
+#include "src/utils/transform.h"
+
+namespace tint {
+namespace resolver {
+namespace {
+
+bool IsValidStorageTextureDimension(ast::TextureDimension dim) {
+  switch (dim) {
+    case ast::TextureDimension::k1d:
+    case ast::TextureDimension::k2d:
+    case ast::TextureDimension::k2dArray:
+    case ast::TextureDimension::k3d:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+bool IsValidStorageTextureImageFormat(ast::ImageFormat format) {
+  switch (format) {
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Uint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Sint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kR32Float:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Uint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Sint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRg32Float:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Unorm:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Snorm:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Uint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba8Sint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Uint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Sint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba16Float:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Uint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Sint:
+    case ast::ImageFormat::kRgba32Float:
+      return true;
+    default:
+      return false;
+  }
+}
+
+// Helper to stringify a pipeline IO decoration.
+std::string deco_to_str(const ast::Decoration* deco) {
+  std::stringstream str;
+  if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
+    str << "builtin(" << builtin->builtin << ")";
+  } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
+    str << "location(" << location->value << ")";
+  }
+  return str.str();
+}
+
+template <typename CALLBACK>
+void TraverseCallChain(diag::List& diagnostics,
+                       const sem::Function* from,
+                       const sem::Function* to,
+                       CALLBACK&& callback) {
+  for (auto* f : from->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
+    if (f == to) {
+      callback(f);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (f->TransitivelyCalledFunctions().contains(to)) {
+      TraverseCallChain(diagnostics, f, to, callback);
+      callback(f);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics)
+      << "TraverseCallChain() 'from' does not transitively call 'to'";
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateAtomic(const ast::Atomic* a, const sem::Atomic* s) {
+  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#atomic-types
+  // T must be either u32 or i32.
+  if (!s->Type()->IsAnyOf<sem::U32, sem::I32>()) {
+    AddError("atomic only supports i32 or u32 types",
+             a->type ? a->type->source : a->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStorageTexture(const ast::StorageTexture* t) {
+  switch (t->access) {
+    case ast::Access::kWrite:
+      break;
+    case ast::Access::kUndefined:
+      AddError("storage texture missing access control", t->source);
+      return false;
+    default:
+      AddError("storage textures currently only support 'write' access control",
+               t->source);
+      return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!IsValidStorageTextureDimension(t->dim)) {
+    AddError("cube dimensions for storage textures are not supported",
+             t->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!IsValidStorageTextureImageFormat(t->format)) {
+    AddError(
+        "image format must be one of the texel formats specified for storage "
+        "textues in https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#texel-formats",
+        t->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateVariableConstructorOrCast(
+    const ast::Variable* var,
+    ast::StorageClass storage_class,
+    const sem::Type* storage_ty,
+    const sem::Type* rhs_ty) {
+  auto* value_type = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();  // Implicit load of RHS
+
+  // Value type has to match storage type
+  if (storage_ty != value_type) {
+    std::string decl = var->is_const ? "let" : "var";
+    AddError("cannot initialize " + decl + " of type '" +
+                 TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + "' with value of type '" +
+                 TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) + "'",
+             var->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!var->is_const) {
+    switch (storage_class) {
+      case ast::StorageClass::kPrivate:
+      case ast::StorageClass::kFunction:
+        break;  // Allowed an initializer
+      default:
+        // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#var-and-let
+        // Optionally has an initializer expression, if the variable is in the
+        // private or function storage classes.
+        AddError("var of storage class '" +
+                     std::string(ast::ToString(storage_class)) +
+                     "' cannot have an initializer. var initializers are only "
+                     "supported for the storage classes "
+                     "'private' and 'function'",
+                 var->source);
+        return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStorageClassLayout(const sem::Struct* str,
+                                          ast::StorageClass sc) {
+  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#storage-class-layout-constraints
+
+  auto is_uniform_struct_or_array = [sc](const sem::Type* ty) {
+    return sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform &&
+           ty->IsAnyOf<sem::Array, sem::Struct>();
+  };
+
+  auto is_uniform_struct = [sc](const sem::Type* ty) {
+    return sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform && ty->Is<sem::Struct>();
+  };
+
+  auto required_alignment_of = [&](const sem::Type* ty) {
+    uint32_t actual_align = ty->Align();
+    uint32_t required_align = actual_align;
+    if (is_uniform_struct_or_array(ty)) {
+      required_align = utils::RoundUp(16u, actual_align);
+    }
+    return required_align;
+  };
+
+  auto member_name_of = [this](const sem::StructMember* sm) {
+    return builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sm->Declaration()->symbol);
+  };
+
+  auto type_name_of = [this](const sem::StructMember* sm) {
+    return TypeNameOf(sm->Type());
+  };
+
+  // TODO(amaiorano): Output struct and member decorations so that this output
+  // can be copied verbatim back into source
+  auto get_struct_layout_string = [&](const sem::Struct* st) -> std::string {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+
+    if (st->Members().empty()) {
+      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_) << "Validation should have ensured that "
+                                          "structs have at least one member";
+      return {};
+    }
+    const auto* const last_member = st->Members().back();
+    const uint32_t last_member_struct_padding_offset =
+        last_member->Offset() + last_member->Size();
+
+    // Compute max widths to align output
+    const auto offset_w =
+        static_cast<int>(::log10(last_member_struct_padding_offset)) + 1;
+    const auto size_w = static_cast<int>(::log10(st->Size())) + 1;
+    const auto align_w = static_cast<int>(::log10(st->Align())) + 1;
+
+    auto print_struct_begin_line = [&](size_t align, size_t size,
+                                       std::string struct_name) {
+      ss << "/*          " << std::setw(offset_w) << " "
+         << "align(" << std::setw(align_w) << align << ") size("
+         << std::setw(size_w) << size << ") */ struct " << struct_name
+         << " {\n";
+    };
+
+    auto print_struct_end_line = [&]() {
+      ss << "/*                         "
+         << std::setw(offset_w + size_w + align_w) << " "
+         << "*/ };";
+    };
+
+    auto print_member_line = [&](size_t offset, size_t align, size_t size,
+                                 std::string s) {
+      ss << "/* offset(" << std::setw(offset_w) << offset << ") align("
+         << std::setw(align_w) << align << ") size(" << std::setw(size_w)
+         << size << ") */   " << s << ";\n";
+    };
+
+    print_struct_begin_line(st->Align(), st->Size(), TypeNameOf(st));
+
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < st->Members().size(); ++i) {
+      auto* const m = st->Members()[i];
+
+      // Output field alignment padding, if any
+      auto* const prev_member = (i == 0) ? nullptr : str->Members()[i - 1];
+      if (prev_member) {
+        uint32_t padding =
+            m->Offset() - (prev_member->Offset() + prev_member->Size());
+        if (padding > 0) {
+          size_t padding_offset = m->Offset() - padding;
+          print_member_line(padding_offset, 1, padding,
+                            "// -- implicit field alignment padding --");
+        }
+      }
+
+      // Output member
+      std::string member_name = member_name_of(m);
+      print_member_line(m->Offset(), m->Align(), m->Size(),
+                        member_name_of(m) + " : " + type_name_of(m));
+    }
+
+    // Output struct size padding, if any
+    uint32_t struct_padding = st->Size() - last_member_struct_padding_offset;
+    if (struct_padding > 0) {
+      print_member_line(last_member_struct_padding_offset, 1, struct_padding,
+                        "// -- implicit struct size padding --");
+    }
+
+    print_struct_end_line();
+
+    return ss.str();
+  };
+
+  if (!ast::IsHostShareable(sc)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < str->Members().size(); ++i) {
+    auto* const m = str->Members()[i];
+    uint32_t required_align = required_alignment_of(m->Type());
+
+    // Validate that member is at a valid byte offset
+    if (m->Offset() % required_align != 0) {
+      AddError("the offset of a struct member of type '" + type_name_of(m) +
+                   "' in storage class '" + ast::ToString(sc) +
+                   "' must be a multiple of " + std::to_string(required_align) +
+                   " bytes, but '" + member_name_of(m) +
+                   "' is currently at offset " + std::to_string(m->Offset()) +
+                   ". Consider setting [[align(" +
+                   std::to_string(required_align) + ")]] on this member",
+               m->Declaration()->source);
+
+      AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
+              str->Declaration()->source);
+
+      if (auto* member_str = m->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+        AddNote("and layout of struct member:\n" +
+                    get_struct_layout_string(member_str),
+                member_str->Declaration()->source);
+      }
+
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    // For uniform buffers, validate that the number of bytes between the
+    // previous member of type struct and the current is a multiple of 16 bytes.
+    auto* const prev_member = (i == 0) ? nullptr : str->Members()[i - 1];
+    if (prev_member && is_uniform_struct(prev_member->Type())) {
+      const uint32_t prev_to_curr_offset = m->Offset() - prev_member->Offset();
+      if (prev_to_curr_offset % 16 != 0) {
+        AddError(
+            "uniform storage requires that the number of bytes between the "
+            "start of the previous member of type struct and the current "
+            "member be a multiple of 16 bytes, but there are currently " +
+                std::to_string(prev_to_curr_offset) + " bytes between '" +
+                member_name_of(prev_member) + "' and '" + member_name_of(m) +
+                "'. Consider setting [[align(16)]] on this member",
+            m->Declaration()->source);
+
+        AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
+                str->Declaration()->source);
+
+        auto* prev_member_str = prev_member->Type()->As<sem::Struct>();
+        AddNote("and layout of previous member struct:\n" +
+                    get_struct_layout_string(prev_member_str),
+                prev_member_str->Declaration()->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    // For uniform buffer array members, validate that array elements are
+    // aligned to 16 bytes
+    if (auto* arr = m->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
+      if (sc == ast::StorageClass::kUniform) {
+        // We already validated that this array member is itself aligned to 16
+        // bytes above, so we only need to validate that stride is a multiple of
+        // 16 bytes.
+        if (arr->Stride() % 16 != 0) {
+          AddError(
+              "uniform storage requires that array elements be aligned to 16 "
+              "bytes, but array stride of '" +
+                  member_name_of(m) + "' is currently " +
+                  std::to_string(arr->Stride()) +
+                  ". Consider setting [[stride(" +
+                  std::to_string(
+                      utils::RoundUp(required_align, arr->Stride())) +
+                  ")]] on the array type",
+              m->Declaration()->type->source);
+          AddNote("see layout of struct:\n" + get_struct_layout_string(str),
+                  str->Declaration()->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    // If member is struct, recurse
+    if (auto* str_member = m->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+      // Cache result of struct + storage class pair
+      if (valid_struct_storage_layouts_.emplace(str_member, sc).second) {
+        if (!ValidateStorageClassLayout(str_member, sc)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStorageClassLayout(const sem::Variable* var) {
+  if (auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+    if (!ValidateStorageClassLayout(str, var->StorageClass())) {
+      AddNote("see declaration of variable", var->Declaration()->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateGlobalVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
+  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
+  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(decl->decorations)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
+    if (decl->is_const) {
+      if (auto* override_deco = deco->As<ast::OverrideDecoration>()) {
+        if (override_deco->has_value) {
+          uint32_t id = override_deco->value;
+          auto it = constant_ids_.find(id);
+          if (it != constant_ids_.end() && it->second != var) {
+            AddError("pipeline constant IDs must be unique", deco->source);
+            AddNote("a pipeline constant with an ID of " + std::to_string(id) +
+                        " was previously declared "
+                        "here:",
+                    ast::GetDecoration<ast::OverrideDecoration>(
+                        it->second->Declaration()->decorations)
+                        ->source);
+            return false;
+          }
+          if (id > 65535) {
+            AddError("pipeline constant IDs must be between 0 and 65535",
+                     deco->source);
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      } else {
+        AddError("decoration is not valid for constants", deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else {
+      bool is_shader_io_decoration =
+          deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InterpolateDecoration,
+                        ast::InvariantDecoration, ast::LocationDecoration>();
+      bool has_io_storage_class =
+          var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kInput ||
+          var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kOutput;
+      if (!(deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BindingDecoration, ast::GroupDecoration,
+                          ast::InternalDecoration>()) &&
+          (!is_shader_io_decoration || !has_io_storage_class)) {
+        AddError("decoration is not valid for variables", deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto binding_point = decl->BindingPoint();
+  switch (var->StorageClass()) {
+    case ast::StorageClass::kUniform:
+    case ast::StorageClass::kStorage:
+    case ast::StorageClass::kUniformConstant: {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#resource-interface
+      // Each resource variable must be declared with both group and binding
+      // attributes.
+      if (!binding_point) {
+        AddError(
+            "resource variables require [[group]] and [[binding]] "
+            "decorations",
+            decl->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      if (binding_point.binding || binding_point.group) {
+        // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#attribute-binding
+        // Must only be applied to a resource variable
+        AddError(
+            "non-resource variables must not have [[group]] or [[binding]] "
+            "decorations",
+            decl->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+  }
+
+  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#variable-declaration
+  // The access mode always has a default, and except for variables in the
+  // storage storage class, must not be written.
+  if (var->StorageClass() != ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
+      decl->declared_access != ast::Access::kUndefined) {
+    AddError(
+        "only variables in <storage> storage class may declare an access mode",
+        decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  switch (var->StorageClass()) {
+    case ast::StorageClass::kStorage: {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
+      // A variable in the storage storage class is a storage buffer variable.
+      // Its store type must be a host-shareable structure type with block
+      // attribute, satisfying the storage class constraints.
+
+      auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>();
+
+      if (!str) {
+        AddError(
+            "variables declared in the <storage> storage class must be of a "
+            "structure type",
+            decl->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
+        AddError(
+            "structure used as a storage buffer must be declared with the "
+            "[[block]] decoration",
+            str->Declaration()->source);
+        if (decl->source.range.begin.line) {
+          AddNote("structure used as storage buffer here", decl->source);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+    case ast::StorageClass::kUniform: {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
+      // A variable in the uniform storage class is a uniform buffer variable.
+      // Its store type must be a host-shareable structure type with block
+      // attribute, satisfying the storage class constraints.
+      auto* str = var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->As<sem::Struct>();
+      if (!str) {
+        AddError(
+            "variables declared in the <uniform> storage class must be of a "
+            "structure type",
+            decl->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
+        AddError(
+            "structure used as a uniform buffer must be declared with the "
+            "[[block]] decoration",
+            str->Declaration()->source);
+        if (decl->source.range.begin.line) {
+          AddNote("structure used as uniform buffer here", decl->source);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
+        if (auto* arr = member->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
+          if (arr->IsRuntimeSized()) {
+            AddError(
+                "structure containing a runtime sized array "
+                "cannot be used as a uniform buffer",
+                decl->source);
+            AddNote("structure is declared here", str->Declaration()->source);
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if (!decl->is_const) {
+    if (!ValidateAtomicVariable(var)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return ValidateVariable(var);
+}
+
+// https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#atomic-types
+// Atomic types may only be instantiated by variables in the workgroup storage
+// class or by storage buffer variables with a read_write access mode.
+bool Resolver::ValidateAtomicVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
+  auto sc = var->StorageClass();
+  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
+  auto access = var->Access();
+  auto* type = var->Type()->UnwrapRef();
+  auto source = decl->type ? decl->type->source : decl->source;
+
+  if (type->Is<sem::Atomic>()) {
+    if (sc != ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
+      AddError(
+          "atomic variables must have <storage> or <workgroup> storage class",
+          source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  } else if (type->IsAnyOf<sem::Struct, sem::Array>()) {
+    auto found = atomic_composite_info_.find(type);
+    if (found != atomic_composite_info_.end()) {
+      if (sc != ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
+          sc != ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
+        AddError(
+            "atomic variables must have <storage> or <workgroup> storage class",
+            source);
+        AddNote(
+            "atomic sub-type of '" + TypeNameOf(type) + "' is declared here",
+            found->second);
+        return false;
+      } else if (sc == ast::StorageClass::kStorage &&
+                 access != ast::Access::kReadWrite) {
+        AddError(
+            "atomic variables in <storage> storage class must have read_write "
+            "access mode",
+            source);
+        AddNote(
+            "atomic sub-type of '" + TypeNameOf(type) + "' is declared here",
+            found->second);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateVariable(const sem::Variable* var) {
+  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
+  auto* storage_ty = var->Type()->UnwrapRef();
+
+  if (!decl->is_const && !IsStorable(storage_ty)) {
+    AddError(TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + " cannot be used as the type of a var",
+             decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (decl->is_const && !var->Is<sem::Parameter>() &&
+      !(storage_ty->IsConstructible() || storage_ty->Is<sem::Pointer>())) {
+    AddError(TypeNameOf(storage_ty) + " cannot be used as the type of a let",
+             decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (auto* r = storage_ty->As<sem::Array>()) {
+    if (r->IsRuntimeSized()) {
+      AddError("runtime arrays may only appear as the last member of a struct",
+               decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (auto* r = storage_ty->As<sem::MultisampledTexture>()) {
+    if (r->dim() != ast::TextureDimension::k2d) {
+      AddError("only 2d multisampled textures are supported", decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (!r->type()->UnwrapRef()->is_numeric_scalar()) {
+      AddError("texture_multisampled_2d<type>: type must be f32, i32 or u32",
+               decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (var->Is<sem::LocalVariable>() && !decl->is_const &&
+      IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                          ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass)) {
+    if (!var->Type()->UnwrapRef()->IsConstructible()) {
+      AddError("function variable must have a constructible type",
+               decl->type ? decl->type->source : decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (storage_ty->is_handle() &&
+      decl->declared_storage_class != ast::StorageClass::kNone) {
+    // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#module-scope-variables
+    // If the store type is a texture type or a sampler type, then the
+    // variable declaration must not have a storage class decoration. The
+    // storage class will always be handle.
+    AddError("variables of type '" + TypeNameOf(storage_ty) +
+                 "' must not have a storage class",
+             decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                          ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass) &&
+      (decl->declared_storage_class == ast::StorageClass::kInput ||
+       decl->declared_storage_class == ast::StorageClass::kOutput)) {
+    AddError("invalid use of input/output storage class", decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateFunctionParameter(const ast::Function* func,
+                                         const sem::Variable* var) {
+  if (!ValidateVariable(var)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto* decl = var->Declaration();
+
+  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
+    if (!func->IsEntryPoint() && !deco->Is<ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
+      AddError(
+          "decoration is not valid for non-entry point function parameters",
+          deco->source);
+      return false;
+    } else if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InvariantDecoration,
+                              ast::LocationDecoration,
+                              ast::InterpolateDecoration,
+                              ast::InternalDecoration>() &&
+               (IsValidationEnabled(
+                    decl->decorations,
+                    ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter) &&
+                IsValidationEnabled(
+                    decl->decorations,
+                    ast::DisabledValidation::
+                        kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter))) {
+      AddError("decoration is not valid for function parameters", deco->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (auto* ref = var->Type()->As<sem::Pointer>()) {
+    auto sc = ref->StorageClass();
+    if (!(sc == ast::StorageClass::kFunction ||
+          sc == ast::StorageClass::kPrivate ||
+          sc == ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) &&
+        IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                            ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStorageClass)) {
+      std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "function parameter of pointer type cannot be in '" << sc
+         << "' storage class";
+      AddError(ss.str(), decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (IsPlain(var->Type())) {
+    if (!var->Type()->IsConstructible() &&
+        IsValidationEnabled(
+            decl->decorations,
+            ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter)) {
+      AddError("store type of function parameter must be a constructible type",
+               decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  } else if (!var->Type()
+                  ->IsAnyOf<sem::Texture, sem::Sampler, sem::Pointer>()) {
+    AddError(
+        "store type of function parameter cannot be " + TypeNameOf(var->Type()),
+        decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateBuiltinDecoration(const ast::BuiltinDecoration* deco,
+                                         const sem::Type* storage_ty,
+                                         const bool is_input) {
+  auto* type = storage_ty->UnwrapRef();
+  const auto stage = current_function_
+                         ? current_function_->Declaration()->PipelineStage()
+                         : ast::PipelineStage::kNone;
+  std::stringstream stage_name;
+  stage_name << stage;
+  bool is_stage_mismatch = false;
+  bool is_output = !is_input;
+  switch (deco->builtin) {
+    case ast::Builtin::kPosition:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !((is_input && stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment) ||
+            (is_output && stage == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex))) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!(type->is_float_vector() && type->As<sem::Vector>()->Width() == 4)) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'vec4<f32>'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kGlobalInvocationId:
+    case ast::Builtin::kLocalInvocationId:
+    case ast::Builtin::kNumWorkgroups:
+    case ast::Builtin::kWorkgroupId:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute && is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!(type->is_unsigned_integer_vector() &&
+            type->As<sem::Vector>()->Width() == 3)) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'vec3<u32>'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kFragDepth:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && !is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::F32>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'f32'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kFrontFacing:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::Bool>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'bool'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kLocalInvocationIndex:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute && is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kVertexIndex:
+    case ast::Builtin::kInstanceIndex:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex && is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kSampleMask:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    case ast::Builtin::kSampleIndex:
+      if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kNone &&
+          !(stage == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment && is_input)) {
+        is_stage_mismatch = true;
+      }
+      if (!type->Is<sem::U32>()) {
+        AddError("store type of " + deco_to_str(deco) + " must be 'u32'",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  if (is_stage_mismatch) {
+    AddError(deco_to_str(deco) + " cannot be used in " +
+                 (is_input ? "input of " : "output of ") + stage_name.str() +
+                 " pipeline stage",
+             deco->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateInterpolateDecoration(
+    const ast::InterpolateDecoration* deco,
+    const sem::Type* storage_ty) {
+  auto* type = storage_ty->UnwrapRef();
+
+  if (type->is_integer_scalar_or_vector() &&
+      deco->type != ast::InterpolationType::kFlat) {
+    AddError(
+        "interpolation type must be 'flat' for integral user-defined IO types",
+        deco->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (deco->type == ast::InterpolationType::kFlat &&
+      deco->sampling != ast::InterpolationSampling::kNone) {
+    AddError("flat interpolation attribute must not have a sampling parameter",
+             deco->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateFunction(const sem::Function* func) {
+  auto* decl = func->Declaration();
+  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDefinition(decl->symbol, decl->source,
+                                     /* check_global_scope_only */ true)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto workgroup_deco_count = 0;
+  for (auto* deco : decl->decorations) {
+    if (deco->Is<ast::WorkgroupDecoration>()) {
+      workgroup_deco_count++;
+      if (decl->PipelineStage() != ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+        AddError(
+            "the workgroup_size attribute is only valid for compute stages",
+            deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::StageDecoration,
+                              ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
+      AddError("decoration is not valid for functions", deco->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (decl->params.size() > 255) {
+    AddError("functions may declare at most 255 parameters", decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < decl->params.size(); i++) {
+    if (!ValidateFunctionParameter(decl, func->Parameters()[i])) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!func->ReturnType()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
+    if (!func->ReturnType()->IsConstructible()) {
+      AddError("function return type must be a constructible type",
+               decl->return_type->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (decl->body) {
+      if (!decl->body->Last() ||
+          !decl->body->Last()->Is<ast::ReturnStatement>()) {
+        AddError("non-void function must end with a return statement",
+                 decl->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    } else if (IsValidationEnabled(
+                   decl->decorations,
+                   ast::DisabledValidation::kFunctionHasNoBody)) {
+      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+          << "Function " << builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol)
+          << " has no body";
+    }
+
+    for (auto* deco : decl->return_type_decorations) {
+      if (!decl->IsEntryPoint()) {
+        AddError(
+            "decoration is not valid for non-entry point function return types",
+            deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration, ast::InternalDecoration,
+                         ast::LocationDecoration, ast::InterpolateDecoration,
+                         ast::InvariantDecoration>() &&
+          (IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                               ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter) &&
+           IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                               ast::DisabledValidation::
+                                   kIgnoreConstructibleFunctionParameter))) {
+        AddError("decoration is not valid for entry point return types",
+                 deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (decl->IsEntryPoint()) {
+    if (!ValidateEntryPoint(func)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateEntryPoint(const sem::Function* func) {
+  auto* decl = func->Declaration();
+
+  // Use a lambda to validate the entry point decorations for a type.
+  // Persistent state is used to track which builtins and locations have
+  // already been seen, in order to catch conflicts.
+  // TODO(jrprice): This state could be stored in sem::Function instead, and
+  // then passed to sem::Function since it would be useful there too.
+  std::unordered_set<ast::Builtin> builtins;
+  std::unordered_set<uint32_t> locations;
+  enum class ParamOrRetType {
+    kParameter,
+    kReturnType,
+  };
+
+  // Inner lambda that is applied to a type and all of its members.
+  auto validate_entry_point_decorations_inner = [&](const ast::DecorationList&
+                                                        decos,
+                                                    const sem::Type* ty,
+                                                    Source source,
+                                                    ParamOrRetType param_or_ret,
+                                                    bool is_struct_member) {
+    // Scan decorations for pipeline IO attributes.
+    // Check for overlap with attributes that have been seen previously.
+    const ast::Decoration* pipeline_io_attribute = nullptr;
+    const ast::InterpolateDecoration* interpolate_attribute = nullptr;
+    const ast::InvariantDecoration* invariant_attribute = nullptr;
+    for (auto* deco : decos) {
+      auto is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = false;
+      if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
+        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
+          AddError("multiple entry point IO attributes", deco->source);
+          AddNote("previously consumed " + deco_to_str(pipeline_io_attribute),
+                  pipeline_io_attribute->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+        pipeline_io_attribute = deco;
+
+        if (builtins.count(builtin->builtin)) {
+          AddError(deco_to_str(builtin) +
+                       " attribute appears multiple times as pipeline " +
+                       (param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? "input"
+                                                                   : "output"),
+                   decl->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+
+        if (!ValidateBuiltinDecoration(
+                builtin, ty,
+                /* is_input */ param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        builtins.emplace(builtin->builtin);
+      } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
+        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
+          AddError("multiple entry point IO attributes", deco->source);
+          AddNote("previously consumed " + deco_to_str(pipeline_io_attribute),
+                  pipeline_io_attribute->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+        pipeline_io_attribute = deco;
+
+        bool is_input = param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter;
+        if (!ValidateLocationDecoration(location, ty, locations, source,
+                                        is_input)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      } else if (auto* interpolate = deco->As<ast::InterpolateDecoration>()) {
+        if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+          is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = true;
+        } else if (!ValidateInterpolateDecoration(interpolate, ty)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        interpolate_attribute = interpolate;
+      } else if (auto* invariant = deco->As<ast::InvariantDecoration>()) {
+        if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+          is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration = true;
+        }
+        invariant_attribute = invariant;
+      }
+      if (is_invalid_compute_shader_decoration) {
+        std::string input_or_output =
+            param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? "inputs" : "output";
+        AddError(
+            "decoration is not valid for compute shader " + input_or_output,
+            deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (IsValidationEnabled(decos,
+                            ast::DisabledValidation::kEntryPointParameter)) {
+      if (is_struct_member && ty->Is<sem::Struct>()) {
+        AddError("nested structures cannot be used for entry point IO", source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (!ty->Is<sem::Struct>() && !pipeline_io_attribute) {
+        std::string err = "missing entry point IO attribute";
+        if (!is_struct_member) {
+          err +=
+              (param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter ? " on parameter"
+                                                          : " on return type");
+        }
+        AddError(err, source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (pipeline_io_attribute &&
+          pipeline_io_attribute->Is<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
+        if (ty->is_integer_scalar_or_vector() && !interpolate_attribute) {
+          // TODO(crbug.com/tint/1224): Make these errors once downstream
+          // usages have caught up (no sooner than M99).
+          if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex &&
+              param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kReturnType) {
+            AddWarning(
+                "integral user-defined vertex outputs must have a flat "
+                "interpolation attribute",
+                source);
+          }
+          if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kFragment &&
+              param_or_ret == ParamOrRetType::kParameter) {
+            AddWarning(
+                "integral user-defined fragment inputs must have a flat "
+                "interpolation attribute",
+                source);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (invariant_attribute) {
+        bool has_position = false;
+        if (pipeline_io_attribute) {
+          if (auto* builtin =
+                  pipeline_io_attribute->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
+            has_position = (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition);
+          }
+        }
+        if (!has_position) {
+          AddError(
+              "invariant attribute must only be applied to a position "
+              "builtin",
+              invariant_attribute->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  // Outer lambda for validating the entry point decorations for a type.
+  auto validate_entry_point_decorations = [&](const ast::DecorationList& decos,
+                                              const sem::Type* ty,
+                                              Source source,
+                                              ParamOrRetType param_or_ret) {
+    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations_inner(decos, ty, source, param_or_ret,
+                                                /*is_struct_member*/ false)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (auto* str = ty->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+      for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
+        if (!validate_entry_point_decorations_inner(
+                member->Declaration()->decorations, member->Type(),
+                member->Declaration()->source, param_or_ret,
+                /*is_struct_member*/ true)) {
+          AddNote("while analysing entry point '" +
+                      builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol) + "'",
+                  decl->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  for (auto* param : func->Parameters()) {
+    auto* param_decl = param->Declaration();
+    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations(param_decl->decorations,
+                                          param->Type(), param_decl->source,
+                                          ParamOrRetType::kParameter)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Clear IO sets after parameter validation. Builtin and location attributes
+  // in return types should be validated independently from those used in
+  // parameters.
+  builtins.clear();
+  locations.clear();
+
+  if (!func->ReturnType()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
+    if (!validate_entry_point_decorations(decl->return_type_decorations,
+                                          func->ReturnType(), decl->source,
+                                          ParamOrRetType::kReturnType)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kVertex &&
+      builtins.count(ast::Builtin::kPosition) == 0) {
+    // Check module-scope variables, as the SPIR-V sanitizer generates these.
+    bool found = false;
+    for (auto* global : func->TransitivelyReferencedGlobals()) {
+      if (auto* builtin = ast::GetDecoration<ast::BuiltinDecoration>(
+              global->Declaration()->decorations)) {
+        if (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition) {
+          found = true;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (!found) {
+      AddError(
+          "a vertex shader must include the 'position' builtin in its return "
+          "type",
+          decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (decl->PipelineStage() == ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+    if (!ast::HasDecoration<ast::WorkgroupDecoration>(decl->decorations)) {
+      AddError(
+          "a compute shader must include 'workgroup_size' in its "
+          "attributes",
+          decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Validate there are no resource variable binding collisions
+  std::unordered_map<sem::BindingPoint, const ast::Variable*> binding_points;
+  for (auto* var : func->TransitivelyReferencedGlobals()) {
+    auto* var_decl = var->Declaration();
+    if (!var_decl->BindingPoint()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    auto bp = var->BindingPoint();
+    auto res = binding_points.emplace(bp, var_decl);
+    if (!res.second &&
+        IsValidationEnabled(decl->decorations,
+                            ast::DisabledValidation::kBindingPointCollision) &&
+        IsValidationEnabled(res.first->second->decorations,
+                            ast::DisabledValidation::kBindingPointCollision)) {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#resource-interface
+      // Bindings must not alias within a shader stage: two different
+      // variables in the resource interface of a given shader must not have
+      // the same group and binding values, when considered as a pair of
+      // values.
+      auto func_name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(decl->symbol);
+      AddError("entry point '" + func_name +
+                   "' references multiple variables that use the "
+                   "same resource binding [[group(" +
+                   std::to_string(bp.group) + "), binding(" +
+                   std::to_string(bp.binding) + ")]]",
+               var_decl->source);
+      AddNote("first resource binding usage declared here",
+              res.first->second->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStatements(const ast::StatementList& stmts) {
+  bool unreachable = false;
+  for (auto* stmt : stmts) {
+    if (unreachable) {
+      AddError("code is unreachable", stmt->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    auto* nested_stmt = stmt;
+    while (auto* block = nested_stmt->As<ast::BlockStatement>()) {
+      if (block->Empty()) {
+        break;
+      }
+      nested_stmt = block->statements.back();
+    }
+    if (nested_stmt->IsAnyOf<ast::ReturnStatement, ast::BreakStatement,
+                             ast::ContinueStatement, ast::DiscardStatement>()) {
+      unreachable = true;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateIntrinsicCall(const sem::Call* call) {
+  if (call->Type()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
+    bool is_call_statement = false;
+    if (auto* call_stmt = As<ast::CallStatement>(call->Stmt()->Declaration())) {
+      if (call_stmt->expr == call->Declaration()) {
+        is_call_statement = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!is_call_statement) {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#function-call-expr
+      // If the called function does not return a value, a function call
+      // statement should be used instead.
+      auto* ident = call->Declaration()->target.name;
+      auto name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol);
+      AddError("intrinsic '" + name + "' does not return a value",
+               call->Declaration()->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateTextureIntrinsicFunction(const sem::Call* call) {
+  auto* intrinsic = call->Target()->As<sem::Intrinsic>();
+  if (!intrinsic) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  std::string func_name = intrinsic->str();
+  auto& signature = intrinsic->Signature();
+  auto index = signature.IndexOf(sem::ParameterUsage::kOffset);
+  if (index > -1) {
+    auto* arg = call->Arguments()[index];
+    if (auto values = arg->ConstantValue()) {
+      // Assert that the constant values are of the expected type.
+      if (!values.Type()->Is<sem::Vector>() ||
+          !values.ElementType()->Is<sem::I32>()) {
+        TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+            << "failed to resolve '" + func_name + "' offset parameter type";
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      // Currently const_expr is restricted to literals and type constructors.
+      // Check that that's all we have for the offset parameter.
+      bool is_const_expr = true;
+      ast::TraverseExpressions(
+          arg->Declaration(), diagnostics_, [&](const ast::Expression* e) {
+            if (e->IsAnyOf<ast::LiteralExpression, ast::CallExpression>()) {
+              return ast::TraverseAction::Descend;
+            }
+            is_const_expr = false;
+            return ast::TraverseAction::Stop;
+          });
+      if (is_const_expr) {
+        for (auto offset : values.Elements()) {
+          auto offset_value = offset.i32;
+          if (offset_value < -8 || offset_value > 7) {
+            AddError("each offset component of '" + func_name +
+                         "' must be at least -8 and at most 7. "
+                         "found: '" +
+                         std::to_string(offset_value) + "'",
+                     arg->Declaration()->source);
+            return false;
+          }
+        }
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+    AddError("'" + func_name + "' offset parameter must be a const_expression",
+             arg->Declaration()->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateFunctionCall(const sem::Call* call) {
+  auto* decl = call->Declaration();
+  auto* target = call->Target()->As<sem::Function>();
+  auto sym = decl->target.name->symbol;
+  auto name = builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym);
+
+  if (target->Declaration()->IsEntryPoint()) {
+    // https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#function-restriction
+    // An entry point must never be the target of a function call.
+    AddError("entry point functions cannot be the target of a function call",
+             decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (decl->args.size() != target->Parameters().size()) {
+    bool more = decl->args.size() > target->Parameters().size();
+    AddError("too " + (more ? std::string("many") : std::string("few")) +
+                 " arguments in call to '" + name + "', expected " +
+                 std::to_string(target->Parameters().size()) + ", got " +
+                 std::to_string(call->Arguments().size()),
+             decl->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < call->Arguments().size(); ++i) {
+    const sem::Variable* param = target->Parameters()[i];
+    const ast::Expression* arg_expr = decl->args[i];
+    auto* param_type = param->Type();
+    auto* arg_type = TypeOf(arg_expr)->UnwrapRef();
+
+    if (param_type != arg_type) {
+      AddError("type mismatch for argument " + std::to_string(i + 1) +
+                   " in call to '" + name + "', expected '" +
+                   TypeNameOf(param_type) + "', got '" + TypeNameOf(arg_type) +
+                   "'",
+               arg_expr->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (param_type->Is<sem::Pointer>()) {
+      auto is_valid = false;
+      if (auto* ident_expr = arg_expr->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
+        auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident_expr->symbol);
+        if (!var) {
+          TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_) << "failed to resolve identifier";
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (var->Is<sem::Parameter>()) {
+          is_valid = true;
+        }
+      } else if (auto* unary = arg_expr->As<ast::UnaryOpExpression>()) {
+        if (unary->op == ast::UnaryOp::kAddressOf) {
+          if (auto* ident_unary =
+                  unary->expr->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
+            auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident_unary->symbol);
+            if (!var) {
+              TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+                  << "failed to resolve identifier";
+              return false;
+            }
+            if (var->Declaration()->is_const) {
+              TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+                  << "Resolver::FunctionCall() encountered an address-of "
+                     "expression of a constant identifier expression";
+              return false;
+            }
+            is_valid = true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (!is_valid &&
+          IsValidationEnabled(
+              param->Declaration()->decorations,
+              ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreInvalidPointerArgument)) {
+        AddError(
+            "expected an address-of expression of a variable identifier "
+            "expression or a function parameter",
+            arg_expr->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (call->Type()->Is<sem::Void>()) {
+    bool is_call_statement = false;
+    if (auto* call_stmt = As<ast::CallStatement>(call->Stmt()->Declaration())) {
+      if (call_stmt->expr == call->Declaration()) {
+        is_call_statement = true;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!is_call_statement) {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#function-call-expr
+      // If the called function does not return a value, a function call
+      // statement should be used instead.
+      AddError("function '" + name + "' does not return a value", decl->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStructureConstructorOrCast(
+    const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
+    const sem::Struct* struct_type) {
+  if (!struct_type->IsConstructible()) {
+    AddError("struct constructor has non-constructible type", ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (ctor->args.size() > 0) {
+    if (ctor->args.size() != struct_type->Members().size()) {
+      std::string fm =
+          ctor->args.size() < struct_type->Members().size() ? "few" : "many";
+      AddError("struct constructor has too " + fm + " inputs: expected " +
+                   std::to_string(struct_type->Members().size()) + ", found " +
+                   std::to_string(ctor->args.size()),
+               ctor->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+    for (auto* member : struct_type->Members()) {
+      auto* value = ctor->args[member->Index()];
+      auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value);
+      if (member->Type() != value_ty->UnwrapRef()) {
+        AddError(
+            "type in struct constructor does not match struct member type: "
+            "expected '" +
+                TypeNameOf(member->Type()) + "', found '" +
+                TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
+            value->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateArrayConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
+                                              const sem::Array* array_type) {
+  auto& values = ctor->args;
+  auto* elem_ty = array_type->ElemType();
+  for (auto* value : values) {
+    auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
+    if (value_ty != elem_ty) {
+      AddError(
+          "type in array constructor does not match array type: "
+          "expected '" +
+              TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
+          value->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (array_type->IsRuntimeSized()) {
+    AddError("cannot init a runtime-sized array", ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  } else if (!elem_ty->IsConstructible()) {
+    AddError("array constructor has non-constructible element type",
+             ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  } else if (!values.empty() && (values.size() != array_type->Count())) {
+    std::string fm = values.size() < array_type->Count() ? "few" : "many";
+    AddError("array constructor has too " + fm + " elements: expected " +
+                 std::to_string(array_type->Count()) + ", found " +
+                 std::to_string(values.size()),
+             ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  } else if (values.size() > array_type->Count()) {
+    AddError("array constructor has too many elements: expected " +
+                 std::to_string(array_type->Count()) + ", found " +
+                 std::to_string(values.size()),
+             ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateVectorConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
+                                               const sem::Vector* vec_type) {
+  auto& values = ctor->args;
+  auto* elem_ty = vec_type->type();
+  size_t value_cardinality_sum = 0;
+  for (auto* value : values) {
+    auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
+    if (value_ty->is_scalar()) {
+      if (elem_ty != value_ty) {
+        AddError(
+            "type in vector constructor does not match vector type: "
+            "expected '" +
+                TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
+            value->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      value_cardinality_sum++;
+    } else if (auto* value_vec = value_ty->As<sem::Vector>()) {
+      auto* value_elem_ty = value_vec->type();
+      // A mismatch of vector type parameter T is only an error if multiple
+      // arguments are present. A single argument constructor constitutes a
+      // type conversion expression.
+      if (elem_ty != value_elem_ty && values.size() > 1u) {
+        AddError(
+            "type in vector constructor does not match vector type: "
+            "expected '" +
+                TypeNameOf(elem_ty) + "', found '" + TypeNameOf(value_elem_ty) +
+                "'",
+            value->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      value_cardinality_sum += value_vec->Width();
+    } else {
+      // A vector constructor can only accept vectors and scalars.
+      AddError("expected vector or scalar type in vector constructor; found: " +
+                   TypeNameOf(value_ty),
+               value->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // A correct vector constructor must either be a zero-value expression,
+  // a single-value initializer (splat) expression, or the number of components
+  // of all constructor arguments must add up to the vector cardinality.
+  if (value_cardinality_sum > 1 && value_cardinality_sum != vec_type->Width()) {
+    if (values.empty()) {
+      TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+          << "constructor arguments expected to be non-empty!";
+    }
+    const Source& values_start = values[0]->source;
+    const Source& values_end = values[values.size() - 1]->source;
+    AddError("attempted to construct '" + TypeNameOf(vec_type) + "' with " +
+                 std::to_string(value_cardinality_sum) + " component(s)",
+             Source::Combine(values_start, values_end));
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateVector(const sem::Vector* ty, const Source& source) {
+  if (!ty->type()->is_scalar()) {
+    AddError("vector element type must be 'bool', 'f32', 'i32' or 'u32'",
+             source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateMatrix(const sem::Matrix* ty, const Source& source) {
+  if (!ty->is_float_matrix()) {
+    AddError("matrix element type must be 'f32'", source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateMatrixConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
+                                               const sem::Matrix* matrix_ty) {
+  auto& values = ctor->args;
+  // Zero Value expression
+  if (values.empty()) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  if (!ValidateMatrix(matrix_ty, ctor->source)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto* elem_type = matrix_ty->type();
+  auto num_elements = matrix_ty->columns() * matrix_ty->rows();
+
+  // Print a generic error for an invalid matrix constructor, showing the
+  // available overloads.
+  auto print_error = [&]() {
+    const Source& values_start = values[0]->source;
+    const Source& values_end = values[values.size() - 1]->source;
+    auto type_name = TypeNameOf(matrix_ty);
+    auto elem_type_name = TypeNameOf(elem_type);
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "invalid constructor for " + type_name << std::endl << std::endl;
+    ss << "3 candidates available:" << std::endl;
+    ss << "  " << type_name << "()" << std::endl;
+    ss << "  " << type_name << "(" << elem_type_name << ",...,"
+       << elem_type_name << ")"
+       << " // " << std::to_string(num_elements) << " arguments" << std::endl;
+    ss << "  " << type_name << "(";
+    for (uint32_t c = 0; c < matrix_ty->columns(); c++) {
+      if (c > 0) {
+        ss << ", ";
+      }
+      ss << VectorPretty(matrix_ty->rows(), elem_type);
+    }
+    ss << ")" << std::endl;
+    AddError(ss.str(), Source::Combine(values_start, values_end));
+  };
+
+  const sem::Type* expected_arg_type = nullptr;
+  if (num_elements == values.size()) {
+    // Column-major construction from scalar elements.
+    expected_arg_type = matrix_ty->type();
+  } else if (matrix_ty->columns() == values.size()) {
+    // Column-by-column construction from vectors.
+    expected_arg_type = matrix_ty->ColumnType();
+  } else {
+    print_error();
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  for (auto* value : values) {
+    if (TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef() != expected_arg_type) {
+      print_error();
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateScalarConstructorOrCast(const ast::CallExpression* ctor,
+                                               const sem::Type* ty) {
+  if (ctor->args.size() == 0) {
+    return true;
+  }
+  if (ctor->args.size() > 1) {
+    AddError("expected zero or one value in constructor, got " +
+                 std::to_string(ctor->args.size()),
+             ctor->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Validate constructor
+  auto* value = ctor->args[0];
+  auto* value_ty = TypeOf(value)->UnwrapRef();
+
+  using Bool = sem::Bool;
+  using I32 = sem::I32;
+  using U32 = sem::U32;
+  using F32 = sem::F32;
+
+  const bool is_valid = (ty->Is<Bool>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
+                        (ty->Is<I32>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
+                        (ty->Is<U32>() && value_ty->is_scalar()) ||
+                        (ty->Is<F32>() && value_ty->is_scalar());
+  if (!is_valid) {
+    AddError("cannot construct '" + TypeNameOf(ty) +
+                 "' with a value of type '" + TypeNameOf(value_ty) + "'",
+             ctor->source);
+
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateTypeDecl(const ast::TypeDecl* named_type) const {
+  auto iter = named_type_info_.find(named_type->name);
+  if (iter == named_type_info_.end()) {
+    TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+        << "ValidateTypeDecl called() before TypeDecl()";
+  }
+  if (iter->second.ast != named_type) {
+    AddError("type with the name '" +
+                 builder_->Symbols().NameFor(named_type->name) +
+                 "' was already declared",
+             named_type->source);
+    AddNote("first declared here", iter->second.ast->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidatePipelineStages() {
+  auto check_workgroup_storage = [&](const sem::Function* func,
+                                     const sem::Function* entry_point) {
+    auto stage = entry_point->Declaration()->PipelineStage();
+    if (stage != ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+      for (auto* var : func->DirectlyReferencedGlobals()) {
+        if (var->StorageClass() == ast::StorageClass::kWorkgroup) {
+          std::stringstream stage_name;
+          stage_name << stage;
+          for (auto* user : var->Users()) {
+            if (func == user->Stmt()->Function()) {
+              AddError("workgroup memory cannot be used by " +
+                           stage_name.str() + " pipeline stage",
+                       user->Declaration()->source);
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+          AddNote("variable is declared here", var->Declaration()->source);
+          if (func != entry_point) {
+            TraverseCallChain(diagnostics_, entry_point, func,
+                              [&](const sem::Function* f) {
+                                AddNote("called by function '" +
+                                            builder_->Symbols().NameFor(
+                                                f->Declaration()->symbol) +
+                                            "'",
+                                        f->Declaration()->source);
+                              });
+            AddNote("called by entry point '" +
+                        builder_->Symbols().NameFor(
+                            entry_point->Declaration()->symbol) +
+                        "'",
+                    entry_point->Declaration()->source);
+          }
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  for (auto* entry_point : entry_points_) {
+    if (!check_workgroup_storage(entry_point, entry_point)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    for (auto* func : entry_point->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
+      if (!check_workgroup_storage(func, entry_point)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto check_intrinsic_calls = [&](const sem::Function* func,
+                                   const sem::Function* entry_point) {
+    auto stage = entry_point->Declaration()->PipelineStage();
+    for (auto* intrinsic : func->DirectlyCalledIntrinsics()) {
+      if (!intrinsic->SupportedStages().Contains(stage)) {
+        auto* call = func->FindDirectCallTo(intrinsic);
+        std::stringstream err;
+        err << "built-in cannot be used by " << stage << " pipeline stage";
+        AddError(err.str(), call ? call->Declaration()->source
+                                 : func->Declaration()->source);
+        if (func != entry_point) {
+          TraverseCallChain(
+              diagnostics_, entry_point, func, [&](const sem::Function* f) {
+                AddNote(
+                    "called by function '" +
+                        builder_->Symbols().NameFor(f->Declaration()->symbol) +
+                        "'",
+                    f->Declaration()->source);
+              });
+          AddNote("called by entry point '" +
+                      builder_->Symbols().NameFor(
+                          entry_point->Declaration()->symbol) +
+                      "'",
+                  entry_point->Declaration()->source);
+        }
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  for (auto* entry_point : entry_points_) {
+    if (!check_intrinsic_calls(entry_point, entry_point)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    for (auto* func : entry_point->TransitivelyCalledFunctions()) {
+      if (!check_intrinsic_calls(func, entry_point)) {
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateArray(const sem::Array* arr, const Source& source) {
+  auto* el_ty = arr->ElemType();
+
+  if (auto* el_str = el_ty->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+    if (el_str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
+      // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#attributes
+      // A structure type with the block attribute must not be:
+      // * the element type of an array type
+      // * the member type in another structure
+      AddError(
+          "A structure type with a [[block]] decoration cannot be used as an "
+          "element of an array",
+          source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateArrayStrideDecoration(const ast::StrideDecoration* deco,
+                                             uint32_t el_size,
+                                             uint32_t el_align,
+                                             const Source& source) {
+  auto stride = deco->stride;
+  bool is_valid_stride =
+      (stride >= el_size) && (stride >= el_align) && (stride % el_align == 0);
+  if (!is_valid_stride) {
+    // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#array-layout-rules
+    // Arrays decorated with the stride attribute must have a stride that is
+    // at least the size of the element type, and be a multiple of the
+    // element type's alignment value.
+    AddError(
+        "arrays decorated with the stride attribute must have a stride "
+        "that is at least the size of the element type, and be a multiple "
+        "of the element type's alignment value.",
+        source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateStructure(const sem::Struct* str) {
+  if (str->Members().empty()) {
+    AddError("structures must have at least one member",
+             str->Declaration()->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  std::unordered_set<uint32_t> locations;
+  for (auto* member : str->Members()) {
+    if (auto* r = member->Type()->As<sem::Array>()) {
+      if (r->IsRuntimeSized()) {
+        if (member != str->Members().back()) {
+          AddError(
+              "runtime arrays may only appear as the last member of a struct",
+              member->Declaration()->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (!str->IsBlockDecorated()) {
+          AddError(
+              "a struct containing a runtime-sized array "
+              "requires the [[block]] attribute: '" +
+                  builder_->Symbols().NameFor(str->Declaration()->name) + "'",
+              member->Declaration()->source);
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto has_position = false;
+    const ast::InvariantDecoration* invariant_attribute = nullptr;
+    for (auto* deco : member->Declaration()->decorations) {
+      if (!deco->IsAnyOf<ast::BuiltinDecoration,             //
+                         ast::InternalDecoration,            //
+                         ast::InterpolateDecoration,         //
+                         ast::InvariantDecoration,           //
+                         ast::LocationDecoration,            //
+                         ast::StructMemberOffsetDecoration,  //
+                         ast::StructMemberSizeDecoration,    //
+                         ast::StructMemberAlignDecoration>()) {
+        if (deco->Is<ast::StrideDecoration>() &&
+            IsValidationDisabled(
+                member->Declaration()->decorations,
+                ast::DisabledValidation::kIgnoreStrideDecoration)) {
+          continue;
+        }
+        AddError("decoration is not valid for structure members", deco->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      if (auto* invariant = deco->As<ast::InvariantDecoration>()) {
+        invariant_attribute = invariant;
+      } else if (auto* location = deco->As<ast::LocationDecoration>()) {
+        if (!ValidateLocationDecoration(location, member->Type(), locations,
+                                        member->Declaration()->source)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      } else if (auto* builtin = deco->As<ast::BuiltinDecoration>()) {
+        if (!ValidateBuiltinDecoration(builtin, member->Type(),
+                                       /* is_input */ false)) {
+          return false;
+        }
+        if (builtin->builtin == ast::Builtin::kPosition) {
+          has_position = true;
+        }
+      } else if (auto* interpolate = deco->As<ast::InterpolateDecoration>()) {
+        if (!ValidateInterpolateDecoration(interpolate, member->Type())) {
+          return false;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (invariant_attribute && !has_position) {
+      AddError("invariant attribute must only be applied to a position builtin",
+               invariant_attribute->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (auto* member_struct_type = member->Type()->As<sem::Struct>()) {
+      if (auto* member_struct_type_block_decoration =
+              ast::GetDecoration<ast::StructBlockDecoration>(
+                  member_struct_type->Declaration()->decorations)) {
+        AddError("structs must not contain [[block]] decorated struct members",
+                 member->Declaration()->source);
+        AddNote("see member's struct decoration here",
+                member_struct_type_block_decoration->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (auto* deco : str->Declaration()->decorations) {
+    if (!(deco->Is<ast::StructBlockDecoration>())) {
+      AddError("decoration is not valid for struct declarations", deco->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateLocationDecoration(
+    const ast::LocationDecoration* location,
+    const sem::Type* type,
+    std::unordered_set<uint32_t>& locations,
+    const Source& source,
+    const bool is_input) {
+  std::string inputs_or_output = is_input ? "inputs" : "output";
+  if (current_function_ && current_function_->Declaration()->PipelineStage() ==
+                               ast::PipelineStage::kCompute) {
+    AddError("decoration is not valid for compute shader " + inputs_or_output,
+             location->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!type->is_numeric_scalar_or_vector()) {
+    std::string invalid_type = TypeNameOf(type);
+    AddError("cannot apply 'location' attribute to declaration of type '" +
+                 invalid_type + "'",
+             source);
+    AddNote(
+        "'location' attribute must only be applied to declarations of "
+        "numeric scalar or numeric vector type",
+        location->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (locations.count(location->value)) {
+    AddError(deco_to_str(location) + " attribute appears multiple times",
+             location->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  locations.emplace(location->value);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+sem::Struct* Resolver::Structure(const ast::Struct* str) {
+  if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(str->decorations)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  for (auto* deco : str->decorations) {
+    Mark(deco);
+  }
+
+  sem::StructMemberList sem_members;
+  sem_members.reserve(str->members.size());
+
+  // Calculate the effective size and alignment of each field, and the overall
+  // size of the structure.
+  // For size, use the size attribute if provided, otherwise use the default
+  // size for the type.
+  // For alignment, use the alignment attribute if provided, otherwise use the
+  // default alignment for the member type.
+  // Diagnostic errors are raised if a basic rule is violated.
+  // Validation of storage-class rules requires analysing the actual variable
+  // usage of the structure, and so is performed as part of the variable
+  // validation.
+  uint64_t struct_size = 0;
+  uint64_t struct_align = 1;
+  std::unordered_map<Symbol, const ast::StructMember*> member_map;
+
+  for (auto* member : str->members) {
+    Mark(member);
+    auto result = member_map.emplace(member->symbol, member);
+    if (!result.second) {
+      AddError("redefinition of '" +
+                   builder_->Symbols().NameFor(member->symbol) + "'",
+               member->source);
+      AddNote("previous definition is here", result.first->second->source);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Resolve member type
+    auto* type = Type(member->type);
+    if (!type) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    // Validate member type
+    if (!IsPlain(type)) {
+      AddError(TypeNameOf(type) +
+                   " cannot be used as the type of a structure member",
+               member->source);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    uint64_t offset = struct_size;
+    uint64_t align = type->Align();
+    uint64_t size = type->Size();
+
+    if (!ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(member->decorations)) {
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    bool has_offset_deco = false;
+    bool has_align_deco = false;
+    bool has_size_deco = false;
+    for (auto* deco : member->decorations) {
+      Mark(deco);
+      if (auto* o = deco->As<ast::StructMemberOffsetDecoration>()) {
+        // Offset decorations are not part of the WGSL spec, but are emitted
+        // by the SPIR-V reader.
+        if (o->offset < struct_size) {
+          AddError("offsets must be in ascending order", o->source);
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+        offset = o->offset;
+        align = 1;
+        has_offset_deco = true;
+      } else if (auto* a = deco->As<ast::StructMemberAlignDecoration>()) {
+        if (a->align <= 0 || !utils::IsPowerOfTwo(a->align)) {
+          AddError("align value must be a positive, power-of-two integer",
+                   a->source);
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+        align = a->align;
+        has_align_deco = true;
+      } else if (auto* s = deco->As<ast::StructMemberSizeDecoration>()) {
+        if (s->size < size) {
+          AddError("size must be at least as big as the type's size (" +
+                       std::to_string(size) + ")",
+                   s->source);
+          return nullptr;
+        }
+        size = s->size;
+        has_size_deco = true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (has_offset_deco && (has_align_deco || has_size_deco)) {
+      AddError(
+          "offset decorations cannot be used with align or size decorations",
+          member->source);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    offset = utils::RoundUp(align, offset);
+    if (offset > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+      std::stringstream msg;
+      msg << "struct member has byte offset 0x" << std::hex << offset
+          << ", but must not exceed 0x" << std::hex
+          << std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max();
+      AddError(msg.str(), member->source);
+      return nullptr;
+    }
+
+    auto* sem_member = builder_->create<sem::StructMember>(
+        member, member->symbol, type, static_cast<uint32_t>(sem_members.size()),
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(offset), static_cast<uint32_t>(align),
+        static_cast<uint32_t>(size));
+    builder_->Sem().Add(member, sem_member);
+    sem_members.emplace_back(sem_member);
+
+    struct_size = offset + size;
+    struct_align = std::max(struct_align, align);
+  }
+
+  uint64_t size_no_padding = struct_size;
+  struct_size = utils::RoundUp(struct_align, struct_size);
+
+  if (struct_size > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+    std::stringstream msg;
+    msg << "struct size in bytes must not exceed 0x" << std::hex
+        << std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max() << ", but is 0x" << std::hex
+        << struct_size;
+    AddError(msg.str(), str->source);
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+  if (struct_align > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
+    TINT_ICE(Resolver, diagnostics_)
+        << "calculated struct stride exceeds uint32";
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  auto* out = builder_->create<sem::Struct>(
+      str, str->name, sem_members, static_cast<uint32_t>(struct_align),
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(struct_size),
+      static_cast<uint32_t>(size_no_padding));
+
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < sem_members.size(); i++) {
+    auto* mem_type = sem_members[i]->Type();
+    if (mem_type->Is<sem::Atomic>()) {
+      atomic_composite_info_.emplace(out,
+                                     sem_members[i]->Declaration()->source);
+      break;
+    } else {
+      auto found = atomic_composite_info_.find(mem_type);
+      if (found != atomic_composite_info_.end()) {
+        atomic_composite_info_.emplace(out, found->second);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!ValidateStructure(out)) {
+    return nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return out;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateReturn(const ast::ReturnStatement* ret) {
+  auto* func_type = current_function_->ReturnType();
+
+  auto* ret_type = ret->value ? TypeOf(ret->value)->UnwrapRef()
+                              : builder_->create<sem::Void>();
+
+  if (func_type->UnwrapRef() != ret_type) {
+    AddError(
+        "return statement type must match its function "
+        "return type, returned '" +
+            TypeNameOf(ret_type) + "', expected '" + TypeNameOf(func_type) +
+            "'",
+        ret->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto* sem = Sem(ret);
+  if (auto* continuing =
+          sem->FindFirstParent<sem::LoopContinuingBlockStatement>()) {
+    AddError("continuing blocks must not contain a return statement",
+             ret->source);
+    if (continuing != sem->Parent()) {
+      AddNote("see continuing block here", continuing->Declaration()->source);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateSwitch(const ast::SwitchStatement* s) {
+  auto* cond_type = TypeOf(s->condition)->UnwrapRef();
+  if (!cond_type->is_integer_scalar()) {
+    AddError(
+        "switch statement selector expression must be of a "
+        "scalar integer type",
+        s->condition->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  bool has_default = false;
+  std::unordered_map<uint32_t, Source> selectors;
+
+  for (auto* case_stmt : s->body) {
+    if (case_stmt->IsDefault()) {
+      if (has_default) {
+        // More than one default clause
+        AddError("switch statement must have exactly one default clause",
+                 case_stmt->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      has_default = true;
+    }
+
+    for (auto* selector : case_stmt->selectors) {
+      if (cond_type != TypeOf(selector)) {
+        AddError(
+            "the case selector values must have the same "
+            "type as the selector expression.",
+            case_stmt->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+
+      auto v = selector->ValueAsU32();
+      auto it = selectors.find(v);
+      if (it != selectors.end()) {
+        auto val = selector->Is<ast::IntLiteralExpression>()
+                       ? std::to_string(selector->ValueAsI32())
+                       : std::to_string(selector->ValueAsU32());
+        AddError("duplicate switch case '" + val + "'", selector->source);
+        AddNote("previous case declared here", it->second);
+        return false;
+      }
+      selectors.emplace(v, selector->source);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!has_default) {
+    // No default clause
+    AddError("switch statement must have a default clause", s->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (!s->body.empty()) {
+    auto* last_clause = s->body.back()->As<ast::CaseStatement>();
+    auto* last_stmt = last_clause->body->Last();
+    if (last_stmt && last_stmt->Is<ast::FallthroughStatement>()) {
+      AddError(
+          "a fallthrough statement must not appear as "
+          "the last statement in last clause of a switch",
+          last_stmt->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateAssignment(const ast::AssignmentStatement* a) {
+  auto const* rhs_ty = TypeOf(a->rhs);
+
+  if (a->lhs->Is<ast::PhonyExpression>()) {
+    // https://www.w3.org/TR/WGSL/#phony-assignment-section
+    auto* ty = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();
+    if (!ty->IsConstructible() &&
+        !ty->IsAnyOf<sem::Pointer, sem::Texture, sem::Sampler>()) {
+      AddError(
+          "cannot assign '" + TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) +
+              "' to '_'. '_' can only be assigned a constructible, pointer, "
+              "texture or sampler type",
+          a->rhs->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;  // RHS can be anything.
+  }
+
+  // https://gpuweb.github.io/gpuweb/wgsl/#assignment-statement
+  auto const* lhs_ty = TypeOf(a->lhs);
+
+  if (auto* ident = a->lhs->As<ast::IdentifierExpression>()) {
+    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(ident->symbol)) {
+      if (var->Is<sem::Parameter>()) {
+        AddError("cannot assign to function parameter", a->lhs->source);
+        AddNote("'" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol) +
+                    "' is declared here:",
+                var->Declaration()->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (var->Declaration()->is_const) {
+        AddError("cannot assign to const", a->lhs->source);
+        AddNote("'" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(ident->symbol) +
+                    "' is declared here:",
+                var->Declaration()->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto* lhs_ref = lhs_ty->As<sem::Reference>();
+  if (!lhs_ref) {
+    // LHS is not a reference, so it has no storage.
+    AddError("cannot assign to value of type '" + TypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
+             a->lhs->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  auto* storage_ty = lhs_ref->StoreType();
+  auto* value_type = rhs_ty->UnwrapRef();  // Implicit load of RHS
+
+  // Value type has to match storage type
+  if (storage_ty != value_type) {
+    AddError("cannot assign '" + TypeNameOf(rhs_ty) + "' to '" +
+                 TypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
+             a->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (!storage_ty->IsConstructible()) {
+    AddError("storage type of assignment must be constructible", a->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  if (lhs_ref->Access() == ast::Access::kRead) {
+    AddError(
+        "cannot store into a read-only type '" + RawTypeNameOf(lhs_ty) + "'",
+        a->source);
+    return false;
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateNoDuplicateDefinition(Symbol sym,
+                                             const Source& source,
+                                             bool check_global_scope_only) {
+  if (check_global_scope_only) {
+    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(sym)) {
+      if (var->Is<sem::GlobalVariable>()) {
+        AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
+                 source);
+        AddNote("previous definition is here", var->Declaration()->source);
+        return false;
+      }
+    }
+    auto it = symbol_to_function_.find(sym);
+    if (it != symbol_to_function_.end()) {
+      AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
+               source);
+      AddNote("previous definition is here", it->second->Declaration()->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  } else {
+    if (auto* var = variable_stack_.Get(sym)) {
+      AddError("redefinition of '" + builder_->Symbols().NameFor(sym) + "'",
+               source);
+      AddNote("previous definition is here", var->Declaration()->source);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::ValidateNoDuplicateDecorations(
+    const ast::DecorationList& decorations) {
+  std::unordered_map<const TypeInfo*, Source> seen;
+  for (auto* d : decorations) {
+    auto res = seen.emplace(&d->TypeInfo(), d->source);
+    if (!res.second && !d->Is<ast::InternalDecoration>()) {
+      AddError("duplicate " + d->Name() + " decoration", d->source);
+      AddNote("first decoration declared here", res.first->second);
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::IsValidationDisabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
+                                    ast::DisabledValidation validation) const {
+  for (auto* decoration : decorations) {
+    if (auto* dv = decoration->As<ast::DisableValidationDecoration>()) {
+      if (dv->validation == validation) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+bool Resolver::IsValidationEnabled(const ast::DecorationList& decorations,
+                                   ast::DisabledValidation validation) const {
+  return !IsValidationDisabled(decorations, validation);
+}
+
+}  // namespace resolver
+}  // namespace tint