| // Copyright 2017 The Dawn & Tint Authors | 
 | // | 
 | // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without | 
 | // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met: | 
 | // | 
 | // 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this | 
 | //    list of conditions and the following disclaimer. | 
 | // | 
 | // 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, | 
 | //    this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation | 
 | //    and/or other materials provided with the distribution. | 
 | // | 
 | // 3. Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its | 
 | //    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from | 
 | //    this software without specific prior written permission. | 
 | // | 
 | // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" | 
 | // AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE | 
 | // IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE | 
 | // DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE | 
 | // FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL | 
 | // DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR | 
 | // SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER | 
 | // CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, | 
 | // OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE | 
 | // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. | 
 | {% from 'dawn/cpp_macros.tmpl' import wgpu_string_members with context %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% set API = metadata.api.upper() %} | 
 | {% set api = API.lower() %} | 
 | {% set CAPI = metadata.c_prefix %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% if 'dawn' in enabled_tags %} | 
 |     #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__ | 
 |     #error "Do not include this header. Emscripten already provides headers needed for {{metadata.api}}." | 
 |     #endif | 
 | {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% set PREFIX = "" if not c_namespace else c_namespace.SNAKE_CASE() + "_" %} | 
 | #ifndef {{PREFIX}}{{API}}_CPP_H_ | 
 | #define {{PREFIX}}{{API}}_CPP_H_ | 
 |  | 
 | #include <cassert> | 
 | #include <cmath> | 
 | #include <cstddef> | 
 | #include <cstdint> | 
 | #include <memory> | 
 | #include <optional> | 
 | #include <functional> | 
 | #include <string_view> | 
 | #include <type_traits> | 
 | #include <utility> | 
 |  | 
 | #include "{{c_header}}" | 
 | #include "{{api}}/{{api}}_cpp_chained_struct.h" | 
 | #include "{{api}}/{{api}}_enum_class_bitmasks.h"  // IWYU pragma: export | 
 |  | 
 | namespace {{metadata.namespace}} { | 
 |  | 
 | {% set c_prefix = metadata.c_prefix %} | 
 | {% for constant in by_category["constant"] %} | 
 |     {% set type = as_cppType(constant.type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set value = c_prefix + "_" +  constant.name.SNAKE_CASE() %} | 
 |     static constexpr {{type}} k{{as_cppType(constant.name)}} = {{ value }}; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | {%- macro render_c_actual_arg(arg) -%} | 
 |     {%- if arg.annotation == "value" -%} | 
 |         {%- if arg.type.category == "object" -%} | 
 |             {{as_varName(arg.name)}}.Get() | 
 |         {%- elif arg.type.category == "enum" or arg.type.category == "bitmask" -%} | 
 |             static_cast<{{as_cType(arg.type.name)}}>({{as_varName(arg.name)}}) | 
 |         {%- elif arg.type.category == "structure" -%} | 
 |             *reinterpret_cast<{{as_cType(arg.type.name)}} const*>(&{{as_varName(arg.name)}}) | 
 |         {%- elif arg.type.category in ["function pointer", "native"] -%} | 
 |             {{as_varName(arg.name)}} | 
 |         {%- else -%} | 
 |             UNHANDLED | 
 |         {%- endif -%} | 
 |     {%- else -%} | 
 |         reinterpret_cast<{{decorate("", as_cType(arg.type.name), arg)}}>({{as_varName(arg.name)}}) | 
 |     {%- endif -%} | 
 | {%- endmacro -%} | 
 |  | 
 | {%- macro render_cpp_to_c_method_call(type, method) -%} | 
 |     {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, method.name, c_namespace)}}(Get() | 
 |         {%- for arg in method.arguments -%},{{" "}}{{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     ) | 
 | {%- endmacro -%} | 
 |  | 
 | //* Although 'optional bool' is defined as an enum value, in C++, we manually implement it to | 
 | //* provide conversion utilities. | 
 | {% for type in by_category["enum"] if type.name.get() != "optional bool" %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 |     enum class {{CppType}} : uint32_t { | 
 |         {% for value in type.values %} | 
 |             {{as_cppEnum(value.name)}} = {{as_cEnum(type.name, value.name)}}, | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |     }; | 
 |     static_assert(sizeof({{CppType}}) == sizeof({{CType}}), "sizeof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |     static_assert(alignof({{CppType}}) == alignof({{CType}}), "alignof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["bitmask"] %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 |     enum class {{CppType}} : uint64_t { | 
 |         {% for value in type.values %} | 
 |             {{as_cppEnum(value.name)}} = {{as_cEnum(type.name, value.name)}}, | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |     }; | 
 |     static_assert(sizeof({{CppType}}) == sizeof({{CType}}), "sizeof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |     static_assert(alignof({{CppType}}) == alignof({{CType}}), "alignof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // TODO(crbug.com/42241461): Update these to not be using the C callback types, and instead be | 
 | // defined using C++ types instead. Note that when we remove these, the C++ callback info types | 
 | // should also all be removed as they will no longer be necessary given the C++ templated | 
 | // functions calls and setter utilities. | 
 | {% for type in by_category["function pointer"] %} | 
 |     using {{as_cppType(type.name)}} = {{as_cType(type.name)}}; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // Special class for booleans in order to allow implicit conversions. | 
 | {% set BoolCppType = as_cppType(types["bool"].name) %} | 
 | {% set BoolCType = as_cType(types["bool"].name) %} | 
 | class {{BoolCppType}} { | 
 |   public: | 
 |     constexpr {{BoolCppType}}() = default; | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     constexpr {{BoolCppType}}(bool value) : mValue(static_cast<{{BoolCType}}>(value)) {} | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     {{BoolCppType}}({{BoolCType}} value): mValue(value) {} | 
 |  | 
 |     constexpr operator bool() const { return static_cast<bool>(mValue); } | 
 |  | 
 |   private: | 
 |     friend struct std::hash<{{BoolCppType}}>; | 
 |     // Default to false. | 
 |     {{BoolCType}} mValue = static_cast<{{BoolCType}}>(false); | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | // Special class for optional booleans in order to allow conversions. | 
 | {% set OptionalBool = types["optional bool"] %} | 
 | {% set OptionalBoolCppType = as_cppType(OptionalBool.name) %} | 
 | {% set OptionalBoolCType = as_cType(OptionalBool.name) %} | 
 | {% set OptionalBoolUndefined = as_cEnum(OptionalBool.name, find_by_name(OptionalBool.values, "undefined").name) %} | 
 | class {{OptionalBoolCppType}} { | 
 |   public: | 
 |     constexpr {{OptionalBoolCppType}}() = default; | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     constexpr {{OptionalBoolCppType}}(bool value) : mValue(static_cast<{{OptionalBoolCType}}>(value)) {} | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     constexpr {{OptionalBoolCppType}}(std::optional<bool> value) : | 
 |         mValue(value ? static_cast<{{OptionalBoolCType}}>(*value) : {{OptionalBoolUndefined}}) {} | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     constexpr {{OptionalBoolCppType}}({{OptionalBoolCType}} value): mValue(value) {} | 
 |  | 
 |     // Define the values that are equivalent to the enums. | 
 |     {% for value in OptionalBool.values %} | 
 |         static const {{OptionalBoolCppType}} {{as_cppEnum(value.name)}}; | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 |     // Assignment operators. | 
 |     {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& operator=(const bool& value) { | 
 |         mValue = static_cast<{{OptionalBoolCType}}>(value); | 
 |         return *this; | 
 |     } | 
 |     {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& operator=(const std::optional<bool>& value) { | 
 |         mValue = value ? static_cast<{{OptionalBoolCType}}>(*value) : {{OptionalBoolUndefined}}; | 
 |         return *this; | 
 |     } | 
 |     {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& operator=(const {{OptionalBoolCType}}& value) { | 
 |         mValue = value; | 
 |         return *this; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     // Conversion functions. | 
 |     operator {{OptionalBoolCType}}() const { return mValue; } | 
 |     operator std::optional<bool>() const { | 
 |         if (mValue == {{OptionalBoolUndefined}}) { | 
 |             return std::nullopt; | 
 |         } | 
 |         return static_cast<bool>(mValue); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     // Comparison functions. | 
 |     friend bool operator==(const {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& lhs, const {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& rhs) { | 
 |         return lhs.mValue == rhs.mValue; | 
 |     } | 
 |     friend bool operator!=(const {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& lhs, const {{OptionalBoolCppType}}& rhs) { | 
 |         return lhs.mValue != rhs.mValue; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |   private: | 
 |     friend struct std::hash<{{OptionalBoolCppType}}>; | 
 |     // Default to undefined. | 
 |     {{OptionalBoolCType}} mValue = {{OptionalBoolUndefined}}; | 
 | }; | 
 | {% for value in OptionalBool.values %} | 
 |     inline const {{OptionalBoolCppType}} {{OptionalBoolCppType}}::{{as_cppEnum(value.name)}} = {{OptionalBoolCppType}}({{as_cEnum(OptionalBool.name, value.name)}}); | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // Helper class to wrap Status which allows implicit conversion to bool. | 
 | // Used while callers switch to checking the Status enum instead of booleans. | 
 | // TODO(crbug.com/42241199): Remove when all callers check the enum. | 
 | struct ConvertibleStatus { | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit construction | 
 |     constexpr ConvertibleStatus(Status status) : status(status) {} | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit conversion | 
 |     constexpr operator bool() const { | 
 |         return status == Status::Success; | 
 |     } | 
 |     // NOLINTNEXTLINE(runtime/explicit) allow implicit conversion | 
 |     constexpr operator Status() const { | 
 |         return status; | 
 |     } | 
 |     Status status; | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | template<typename Derived, typename CType> | 
 | class ObjectBase { | 
 |   public: | 
 |     ObjectBase() = default; | 
 |     ObjectBase(CType handle): mHandle(handle) { | 
 |         if (mHandle) Derived::{{c_prefix}}AddRef(mHandle); | 
 |     } | 
 |     ~ObjectBase() { | 
 |         if (mHandle) Derived::{{c_prefix}}Release(mHandle); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     ObjectBase(ObjectBase const& other) | 
 |         : ObjectBase(other.Get()) { | 
 |     } | 
 |     Derived& operator=(ObjectBase const& other) { | 
 |         if (&other != this) { | 
 |             if (mHandle) Derived::{{c_prefix}}Release(mHandle); | 
 |             mHandle = other.mHandle; | 
 |             if (mHandle) Derived::{{c_prefix}}AddRef(mHandle); | 
 |         } | 
 |  | 
 |         return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     ObjectBase(ObjectBase&& other) { | 
 |         mHandle = other.mHandle; | 
 |         other.mHandle = 0; | 
 |     } | 
 |     Derived& operator=(ObjectBase&& other) { | 
 |         if (&other != this) { | 
 |             if (mHandle) Derived::{{c_prefix}}Release(mHandle); | 
 |             mHandle = other.mHandle; | 
 |             other.mHandle = 0; | 
 |         } | 
 |  | 
 |         return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     ObjectBase(std::nullptr_t) {} | 
 |     Derived& operator=(std::nullptr_t) { | 
 |         if (mHandle != nullptr) { | 
 |             Derived::{{c_prefix}}Release(mHandle); | 
 |             mHandle = nullptr; | 
 |         } | 
 |         return static_cast<Derived&>(*this); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     bool operator==(std::nullptr_t) const { | 
 |         return mHandle == nullptr; | 
 |     } | 
 |     bool operator!=(std::nullptr_t) const { | 
 |         return mHandle != nullptr; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     explicit operator bool() const { | 
 |         return mHandle != nullptr; | 
 |     } | 
 |     CType Get() const { | 
 |         return mHandle; | 
 |     } | 
 |     CType MoveToCHandle() { | 
 |         CType result = mHandle; | 
 |         mHandle = 0; | 
 |         return result; | 
 |     } | 
 |     static Derived Acquire(CType handle) { | 
 |         Derived result; | 
 |         result.mHandle = handle; | 
 |         return result; | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |   protected: | 
 |     CType mHandle = nullptr; | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_default_value(member, is_struct, force_default=False, forced_default_value="") -%} | 
 |     {%- if forced_default_value -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= {{forced_default_value}} | 
 |     {%- elif member.json_data.get("no_default", false) -%} | 
 |     {%- elif member.annotation in ["*", "const*"] and member.optional or member.default_value == "nullptr" -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= nullptr | 
 |     {%- elif member.type.category == "object" and member.optional and is_struct -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= nullptr | 
 |     {%- elif member.type.category in ["enum", "bitmask"] and member.default_value != None -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= {{as_cppType(member.type.name)}}::{{as_cppEnum(Name(member.default_value))}} | 
 |     {%- elif member.type.category == "native" and member.default_value != None -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= {{member.default_value}} | 
 |     {%- elif member.default_value != None -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= {{member.default_value}} | 
 |     {%- elif member.type.category == "structure" and member.annotation == "value" and is_struct -%} | 
 |         {{" "}}= {} | 
 |     {%- else -%} | 
 |         {{assert(member.default_value == None)}} | 
 |         {%- if force_default -%} | 
 |             {{" "}}= {} | 
 |         {%- endif -%} | 
 |     {%- endif -%} | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | //* This rendering macro should ONLY be used for callback info type functions. | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_callback_info_template_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=False) %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set OriginalMethodName = method.name.CamelCase() %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = OriginalMethodName[:-1] if method.name.chunks[-1] == "2" else OriginalMethodName %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = CppType + "::" + MethodName if dfn else MethodName %} | 
 |     //* Stripping the 2 at the end of the callback functions for now until we can deprecate old ones. | 
 |     //* TODO: crbug.com/dawn/2509 - Remove name handling once old APIs are deprecated. | 
 |     {% set CallbackInfoType = (method.arguments|last).type %} | 
 |     {% set CallbackType = find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "callback").type %} | 
 |     {% set SfinaeArg = " = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<F, Cb*> || std::is_convertible_v<F, CbChar*>>" if not dfn else "" %} | 
 |     template <typename F, typename T, | 
 |               typename Cb | 
 |                 {%- if not dfn -%} | 
 |                     {{" "}}= {{as_cppType(CallbackType.name)}}<T> | 
 |                 {%- endif -%}, | 
 |               //* The Callback fnptr with const char* instead of StringView. | 
 |               //* TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks | 
 |               typename CbChar | 
 |                 {%- if not dfn -%} | 
 |                     {{" "}}= void ( | 
 |                         {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                             {%- if arg.type.name.canonical_case() == "string view" -%} | 
 |                                 const char* {{as_varName(arg.name)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                             {%- else -%} | 
 |                                 {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                             {%- endif -%} | 
 |                         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                     T userdata) | 
 |                 {%- endif -%}, | 
 |               typename{{SfinaeArg}}> | 
 |     {{as_cppType(method.return_type.name)}} {{MethodName}}( | 
 |         {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |             {%- if arg.type.category == "object" and arg.annotation == "value" -%} | 
 |                 {{as_cppType(arg.type.name)}} const& {{as_varName(arg.name)}}{{ ", "}} | 
 |             {%- else -%} | 
 |                 {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}}{{ ", "}} | 
 |             {%- endif -%} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |         {%- if find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "mode") -%} | 
 |             {{as_cppType(types["callback mode"].name)}} callbackMode, | 
 |         {%- endif -%} | 
 |     F callback, T userdata) const | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | //* This rendering macro should ONLY be used for callback info type functions. | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_callback_info_lambda_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=False) %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set OriginalMethodName = method.name.CamelCase() %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = OriginalMethodName[:-1] if method.name.chunks[-1] == "2" else OriginalMethodName %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = CppType + "::" + MethodName if dfn else MethodName %} | 
 |     //* Stripping the 2 at the end of the callback functions for now until we can deprecate old ones. | 
 |     //* TODO: crbug.com/dawn/2509 - Remove name handling once old APIs are deprecated. | 
 |     {% set CallbackInfoType = (method.arguments|last).type %} | 
 |     {% set CallbackType = find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "callback").type %} | 
 |     {% set SfinaeArg = " = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<L, Cb> || std::is_convertible_v<L, CbChar>>" if not dfn else "" %} | 
 |     template <typename L, | 
 |               typename Cb | 
 |                 {%- if not dfn -%} | 
 |                     {{" "}}= {{as_cppType(CallbackType.name)}}<> | 
 |                 {%- endif -%}, | 
 |               //* The Callback fnptr with const char* instead of StringView. | 
 |               //* TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks | 
 |               typename CbChar | 
 |                 {%- if not dfn -%} | 
 |                     {{" "}}= std::function<void( | 
 |                         {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                             {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |                             {%- if arg.type.name.canonical_case() == "string view" -%} | 
 |                                 const char* {{as_varName(arg.name)}} | 
 |                             {%- else -%} | 
 |                                 {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}} | 
 |                             {%- endif -%} | 
 |                         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                     )> | 
 |                 {%- endif -%}, | 
 |               typename{{SfinaeArg}}> | 
 |     {{as_cppType(method.return_type.name)}} {{MethodName}}( | 
 |         {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |             {%- if arg.type.category == "object" and arg.annotation == "value" -%} | 
 |                 {{as_cppType(arg.type.name)}} const& {{as_varName(arg.name)}}{{ ", "}} | 
 |             {%- else -%} | 
 |                 {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}}{{ ", "}} | 
 |             {%- endif -%} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     {%- if find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "mode") -%} | 
 |             {{as_cppType(types["callback mode"].name)}} callbackMode, | 
 |         {%- endif -%} | 
 |     L callback) const | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | //* This rendering macro should NOT be used for callback info type functions. | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=False) %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set OriginalMethodName = method.name.CamelCase() %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = OriginalMethodName[:-1] if method.name.chunks[-1] == "f" or method.name.chunks[-1] == "2" else OriginalMethodName %} | 
 |     {% set MethodName = CppType + "::" + MethodName if dfn else MethodName %} | 
 |     {{"ConvertibleStatus" if method.return_type.name.get() == "status" else as_cppType(method.return_type.name)}} {{MethodName}}( | 
 |         {%- for arg in method.arguments -%} | 
 |             {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |             {%- if arg.type.category == "object" and arg.annotation == "value" -%} | 
 |                 {{as_cppType(arg.type.name)}} const& {{as_varName(arg.name)}} | 
 |             {%- else -%} | 
 |                 {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}} | 
 |             {%- endif -%} | 
 |             {% if not dfn %}{{render_cpp_default_value(arg, False)}}{% endif %} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     ) const | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | {%- macro render_function_call(function) -%} | 
 |     {{as_cMethodNamespaced(None, function.name, c_namespace)}}( | 
 |         {%- for arg in function.arguments -%} | 
 |             {% if not loop.first %}, {% endif %}{{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     ) | 
 | {%- endmacro -%} | 
 |  | 
 | {%- if metadata.namespace != 'wgpu' %} | 
 |     // The operators of webgpu_enum_class_bitmasks.h are in the wgpu:: namespace, | 
 |     // and need to be imported into this namespace for Argument Dependent Lookup. | 
 |     WGPU_IMPORT_BITMASK_OPERATORS | 
 | {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% if c_namespace %} | 
 |     namespace {{c_namespace.namespace_case()}} { | 
 | {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["object"] %} | 
 |     class {{as_cppType(type.name)}}; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["structure"] %} | 
 |     struct {{as_cppType(type.name)}}; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks. | 
 | // To make MSVC happy we need a StringView constructor from the adapter, so we first need to | 
 | // forward declare StringViewAdapter here. Otherwise MSVC complains about an ambiguous conversion. | 
 | namespace detail { | 
 |     struct StringViewAdapter; | 
 | }  // namespace detail | 
 |  | 
 | struct StringView { | 
 |     char const * data = nullptr; | 
 |     size_t length = WGPU_STRLEN; | 
 |  | 
 |     {{wgpu_string_members("StringView") | indent(4)}} | 
 |  | 
 |     StringView(const detail::StringViewAdapter& s); | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | namespace detail { | 
 | constexpr size_t ConstexprMax(size_t a, size_t b) { | 
 |     return a > b ? a : b; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | template <typename T> | 
 | static T& AsNonConstReference(const T& value) { | 
 |     return const_cast<T&>(value); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | // A wrapper around StringView that can be implicitly converted to const char* with temporary | 
 | // storage that adds the \0 for output strings that are all explicitly-sized. | 
 | // TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks. | 
 | struct StringViewAdapter { | 
 |     WGPUStringView sv; | 
 |     char* nullTerminated = nullptr; | 
 |  | 
 |     StringViewAdapter(WGPUStringView sv) : sv(sv) {} | 
 |     ~StringViewAdapter() { delete[] nullTerminated; } | 
 |     operator ::WGPUStringView() { return sv; } | 
 |     operator StringView() { return {sv.data, sv.length}; } | 
 |     operator const char*() { | 
 |         assert(sv.length != WGPU_STRLEN); | 
 |         assert(nullTerminated == nullptr); | 
 |         nullTerminated = new char[sv.length + 1]; | 
 |         for (size_t i = 0; i < sv.length; i++) { | 
 |             nullTerminated[i] = sv.data[i]; | 
 |         } | 
 |         nullTerminated[sv.length] = 0; | 
 |         return nullTerminated; | 
 |     } | 
 | }; | 
 | }  // namespace detail | 
 |  | 
 | inline StringView::StringView(const detail::StringViewAdapter& s): data(s.sv.data), length(s.sv.length) {} | 
 |  | 
 | namespace detail { | 
 | // For callbacks, we support two modes: | 
 | //   1) No userdata where we allow a std::function type that can include argument captures. | 
 | //   2) Explicit typed userdata where we only allow non-capturing lambdas or function pointers. | 
 | template <typename... Args> | 
 | struct CallbackTypeBase; | 
 | template <typename... Args> | 
 | struct CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple<Args...>> { | 
 |     using Callback = std::function<void(Args...)>; | 
 | }; | 
 | template <typename... Args> | 
 | struct CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple<Args...>, void> { | 
 |     using Callback = void (Args...); | 
 | }; | 
 | template <typename... Args, typename T> | 
 | struct CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple<Args...>, T> { | 
 |     using Callback = void (Args..., T); | 
 | }; | 
 | }  // namespace detail | 
 |  | 
 | //* Special callbacks that require some custom code generation. | 
 | {% set SpecialCallbacks = ["device lost callback", "uncaptured error callback"] %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["callback function"] if type.name.get() not in SpecialCallbacks %} | 
 |     template <typename... T> | 
 |     using {{as_cppType(type.name)}} = typename detail::CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple< | 
 |         {%- for arg in type.arguments -%} | 
 |             {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |             {{decorate("", as_cppType(arg.type.name), arg)}} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     >, T...>::Callback; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 | template <typename... T> | 
 | using DeviceLostCallback = typename detail::CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple<const Device&, DeviceLostReason, StringView>, T...>::Callback; | 
 | template <typename... T> | 
 | using UncapturedErrorCallback = typename detail::CallbackTypeBase<std::tuple<const Device&, ErrorType, StringView>, T...>::Callback; | 
 |  | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_callback_info_template_method_impl(type, method) %} | 
 |     {{render_cpp_callback_info_template_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=True)}} { | 
 |         {% set CallbackInfoType = (method.arguments|last).type %} | 
 |         {% set CallbackType = find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "callback").type %} | 
 |         {{as_cType(CallbackInfoType.name)}} callbackInfo = {}; | 
 |         {% if find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "mode") %} | 
 |             callbackInfo.mode = static_cast<{{as_cType(types["callback mode"].name)}}>(callbackMode); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |         if constexpr (std::is_convertible_v<F, Cb*>) { | 
 |             callbackInfo.callback = []( | 
 |                 {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                     {{as_annotated_cType(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             void* callback_param, void* userdata_param) { | 
 |                 auto cb = reinterpret_cast<Cb*>(callback_param); | 
 |                 (*cb)( | 
 |                     {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                         {{convert_cType_to_cppType(arg.type, arg.annotation, as_varName(arg.name))}}{{", "}} | 
 |                     {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                 static_cast<T>(userdata_param)); | 
 |             }; | 
 |         } else { | 
 |             //* Handle functors that take in const char* instead of StringView. | 
 |             //* TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks | 
 |             //* and also remove CbChar at the same time. | 
 |             callbackInfo.callback = []( | 
 |                 {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                     {{as_annotated_cType(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             void* callback_param, void* userdata_param) { | 
 |                 auto cb = reinterpret_cast<CbChar*>(callback_param); | 
 |                 (*cb)( | 
 |                     {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                         {%- if arg.type.name.canonical_case() == "string view" -%} | 
 |                             {detail::StringViewAdapter({{as_varName(arg.name)}})}{{", "}} | 
 |                         {%- else -%} | 
 |                             {{convert_cType_to_cppType(arg.type, arg.annotation, as_varName(arg.name))}}{{", "}} | 
 |                         {%- endif -%} | 
 |                     {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                 static_cast<T>(userdata_param)); | 
 |             }; | 
 |         } | 
 |         callbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |         callbackInfo.userdata2 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(userdata); | 
 |         {% if method.return_type.name.get() == "future" %} | 
 |             auto result = {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, method.name, c_namespace)}}(Get(){{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |                     {{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             callbackInfo); | 
 |             return {{convert_cType_to_cppType(method.return_type, 'value', 'result') | indent(4)}}; | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             return {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, method.name, c_namespace)}}(Get(){{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |                     {{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             callbackInfo); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     } | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_callback_info_lambda_method_impl(type, method) %} | 
 |     {{render_cpp_callback_info_lambda_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=True)}} { | 
 |         {% set CallbackInfoType = (method.arguments|last).type %} | 
 |         {% set CallbackType = find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "callback").type %} | 
 |         using F = {{as_cppType(CallbackType.name)}}<void>; | 
 |  | 
 |         {{as_cType(CallbackInfoType.name)}} callbackInfo = {}; | 
 |         {% if find_by_name(CallbackInfoType.members, "mode") %} | 
 |             callbackInfo.mode = static_cast<{{as_cType(types["callback mode"].name)}}>(callbackMode); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |         if constexpr (std::is_convertible_v<L, F*>) { | 
 |             callbackInfo.callback = []( | 
 |             {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                 {{as_annotated_cType(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |             {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             void* callback_param, void*) { | 
 |                 auto cb = reinterpret_cast<F*>(callback_param); | 
 |                 (*cb)( | 
 |                     {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                         {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |                         {{convert_cType_to_cppType(arg.type, arg.annotation, as_varName(arg.name))}} | 
 |                     {%- endfor -%}); | 
 |             }; | 
 |             callbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |             callbackInfo.userdata2 = nullptr; | 
 |         } else { | 
 |             auto* lambda = new L(std::move(callback)); | 
 |             callbackInfo.callback = []( | 
 |                 {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                     {{as_annotated_cType(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             void* callback_param, void*) { | 
 |                 std::unique_ptr<L> the_lambda(reinterpret_cast<L*>(callback_param)); | 
 |                 (*the_lambda)( | 
 |                     {%- for arg in CallbackType.arguments -%} | 
 |                         {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |                         //* Handle functors that take in const char* instead of StringView. | 
 |                         //* TODO(42241188): Remove once all clients use StringView versions of the callbacks | 
 |                         //* and also remove CbChar at the same time. | 
 |                         {%- if arg.type.name.canonical_case() == "string view" -%} | 
 |                             {detail::StringViewAdapter({{as_varName(arg.name)}})} | 
 |                         {%- else -%} | 
 |                             {{convert_cType_to_cppType(arg.type, arg.annotation, as_varName(arg.name))}} | 
 |                         {%- endif -%} | 
 |                     {%- endfor -%}); | 
 |             }; | 
 |             callbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(lambda); | 
 |             callbackInfo.userdata2 = nullptr; | 
 |         } | 
 |         {% if method.return_type.name.get() == "future" %} | 
 |             auto result = {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, method.name, c_namespace)}}(Get(){{", "}} | 
 |             {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |                 {{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |             {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             callbackInfo); | 
 |             return {{convert_cType_to_cppType(method.return_type, 'value', 'result') | indent(8)}}; | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             return {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, method.name, c_namespace)}}(Get(){{", "}} | 
 |             {%- for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.category != "callback info" -%} | 
 |                 {{render_c_actual_arg(arg)}}{{", "}} | 
 |             {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             callbackInfo); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     } | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% macro render_cpp_method_impl(type, method) %} | 
 |     {{render_cpp_method_declaration(type, method, dfn=True)}} { | 
 |         {% for arg in method.arguments if arg.type.has_free_members_function and arg.annotation == '*' %} | 
 |             *{{as_varName(arg.name)}} = {{as_cppType(arg.type.name)}}(); | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |         {% if method.return_type.name.concatcase() == "void" %} | 
 |             {{render_cpp_to_c_method_call(type, method)}}; | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             auto result = {{render_cpp_to_c_method_call(type, method)}}; | 
 |             return {{convert_cType_to_cppType(method.return_type, 'value', 'result') | indent(8)}}; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     } | 
 | {%- endmacro %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["object"] %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 |     class {{CppType}} : public ObjectBase<{{CppType}}, {{CType}}> { | 
 |       public: | 
 |         using ObjectBase::ObjectBase; | 
 |         using ObjectBase::operator=; | 
 |  | 
 |         {% for method in type.methods %} | 
 |             {% if has_callbackInfoStruct(method) %} | 
 |                 {{render_cpp_callback_info_template_method_declaration(type, method)|indent}}; | 
 |                 {{render_cpp_callback_info_lambda_method_declaration(type, method)|indent}}; | 
 |             {% else %} | 
 |                 inline {{render_cpp_method_declaration(type, method)}}; | 
 |             {% endif %} | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 |         {% if CppType == "Instance" %} | 
 |             inline WaitStatus WaitAny(Future f, uint64_t timeout) const; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 |       private: | 
 |         friend ObjectBase<{{CppType}}, {{CType}}>; | 
 |         static inline void {{c_prefix}}AddRef({{CType}} handle); | 
 |         static inline void {{c_prefix}}Release({{CType}} handle); | 
 |     }; | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // ChainedStruct | 
 | {% set c_prefix = metadata.c_prefix %} | 
 | static_assert(sizeof(ChainedStruct) == sizeof({{c_prefix}}ChainedStruct), | 
 |     "sizeof mismatch for ChainedStruct"); | 
 | static_assert(alignof(ChainedStruct) == alignof({{c_prefix}}ChainedStruct), | 
 |     "alignof mismatch for ChainedStruct"); | 
 | static_assert(offsetof(ChainedStruct, nextInChain) == offsetof({{c_prefix}}ChainedStruct, next), | 
 |     "offsetof mismatch for ChainedStruct::nextInChain"); | 
 | static_assert(offsetof(ChainedStruct, sType) == offsetof({{c_prefix}}ChainedStruct, sType), | 
 |     "offsetof mismatch for ChainedStruct::sType"); | 
 |  | 
 | //* Special structures that require some custom code generation. | 
 | {% set SpecialStructures = ["device descriptor", "string view"] %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["structure"] if type.name.get() not in SpecialStructures %} | 
 |     {% set Out = "Out" if type.output else "" %} | 
 |     {% set const = "const" if not type.output else "" %} | 
 |     {% if type.chained %} | 
 |         {% for root in type.chain_roots %} | 
 |             // Can be chained in {{as_cppType(root.name)}} | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |         struct {{as_cppType(type.name)}} : ChainedStruct{{Out}} { | 
 |             inline {{as_cppType(type.name)}}(); | 
 |  | 
 |             struct Init; | 
 |             inline {{as_cppType(type.name)}}(Init&& init); | 
 |     {% else %} | 
 |         struct {{as_cppType(type.name)}} { | 
 |             {% if type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |                 inline {{as_cppType(type.name)}}(); | 
 |             {% endif %} | 
 |     {% endif %} | 
 |         {% if type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |             inline ~{{as_cppType(type.name)}}(); | 
 |             {{as_cppType(type.name)}}(const {{as_cppType(type.name)}}&) = delete; | 
 |             {{as_cppType(type.name)}}& operator=(const {{as_cppType(type.name)}}&) = delete; | 
 |             inline {{as_cppType(type.name)}}({{as_cppType(type.name)}}&&); | 
 |             inline {{as_cppType(type.name)}}& operator=({{as_cppType(type.name)}}&&); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |         inline operator const {{as_cType(type.name)}}&() const noexcept; | 
 |  | 
 |         {% if type.extensible %} | 
 |             ChainedStruct{{Out}} {{const}} * nextInChain = nullptr; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |         {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |             {% if type.name.get() == "bind group layout entry" %} | 
 |                 {% if member.name.canonical_case() == "buffer" %} | 
 |                     {% set forced_default_value = "{ nullptr, BufferBindingType::BindingNotUsed, false, 0 }" %} | 
 |                 {% elif member.name.canonical_case() == "sampler" %} | 
 |                     {% set forced_default_value = "{ nullptr, SamplerBindingType::BindingNotUsed }" %} | 
 |                 {% elif member.name.canonical_case() == "texture" %} | 
 |                     {% set forced_default_value = "{ nullptr, TextureSampleType::BindingNotUsed, TextureViewDimension::e2D, false }" %} | 
 |                 {% elif member.name.canonical_case() == "storage texture" %} | 
 |                     {% set forced_default_value = "{ nullptr, StorageTextureAccess::BindingNotUsed, TextureFormat::Undefined, TextureViewDimension::e2D }" %} | 
 |                 {% endif %} | 
 |             {% endif %} | 
 |             {% set member_declaration = as_annotated_cppType(member, type.has_free_members_function) + render_cpp_default_value(member, True, type.has_free_members_function, forced_default_value) %} | 
 |             {% if type.chained and loop.first %} | 
 |                 //* Align the first member after ChainedStruct to match the C struct layout. | 
 |                 //* It has to be aligned both to its natural and ChainedStruct's alignment. | 
 |                 static constexpr size_t kFirstMemberAlignment = detail::ConstexprMax(alignof(ChainedStruct{{out}}), alignof({{decorate("", as_cppType(member.type.name), member)}})); | 
 |                 alignas(kFirstMemberAlignment) {{member_declaration}}; | 
 |             {% else %} | 
 |                 {{member_declaration}}; | 
 |             {% endif %} | 
 |         {% endfor %} | 
 |         {% if type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |  | 
 |           private: | 
 |             inline void FreeMembers(); | 
 |             static inline void Reset({{as_cppType(type.name)}}& value); | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     }; | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | //* Device descriptor is specially implemented in C++ in order to hide callback info. Note that | 
 | //* this is placed at the end of the structs and works for the device descriptor because no other | 
 | //* structs include it as a member. In the future for these special structs, we may need to add | 
 | //* a way to order the definitions w.r.t the topology of the structs. | 
 | {% set type = types["device descriptor"] %} | 
 | {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 | namespace detail { | 
 | struct {{CppType}} { | 
 |     ChainedStruct const * nextInChain = nullptr; | 
 |     {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |         {% if member.type.category != "callback info" %} | 
 |             {{as_annotated_cppType(member, type.has_free_members_function) + render_cpp_default_value(member, True, type.has_free_members_function)}}; | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             {{as_annotated_cType(member)}} = {{CAPI}}_{{member.name.SNAKE_CASE()}}_INIT; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 | }; | 
 | }  // namespace detail | 
 | struct {{CppType}} : protected detail::{{CppType}} { | 
 |     inline operator const {{as_cType(type.name)}}&() const noexcept; | 
 |  | 
 |     using detail::{{CppType}}::nextInChain; | 
 |     {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |         {% if member.type.category != "callback info" %} | 
 |             using detail::{{CppType}}::{{as_varName(member.name)}}; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 |     inline {{CppType}}(); | 
 |     struct Init; | 
 |     inline {{CppType}}(Init&& init); | 
 |  | 
 |     template <typename F, typename T, | 
 |               typename Cb = DeviceLostCallback<T>, | 
 |               typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<F, Cb*>>> | 
 |     void SetDeviceLostCallback(CallbackMode callbackMode, F callback, T userdata); | 
 |     template <typename L, | 
 |               typename Cb = DeviceLostCallback<>, | 
 |               typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<L, Cb>>> | 
 |     void SetDeviceLostCallback(CallbackMode callbackMode, L callback); | 
 |  | 
 |     template <typename F, typename T, | 
 |               typename Cb = UncapturedErrorCallback<T>, | 
 |               typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<F, Cb*>>> | 
 |     void SetUncapturedErrorCallback(F callback, T userdata); | 
 |     template <typename L, | 
 |               typename Cb = UncapturedErrorCallback<>, | 
 |               typename = std::enable_if_t<std::is_convertible_v<L, Cb>>> | 
 |     void SetUncapturedErrorCallback(L callback); | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__) | 
 | #pragma GCC diagnostic push | 
 | // error: 'offsetof' within non-standard-layout type '{{metadata.namespace}}::XXX' is conditionally-supported | 
 | #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Winvalid-offsetof" | 
 | #endif | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["structure"] if type.name.get() not in SpecialStructures %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 |     // {{CppType}} implementation | 
 |     {% if type.chained %} | 
 |         {% set Out = "Out" if type.output else "" %} | 
 |         {% set const = "const" if not type.output else "" %} | 
 |         {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}() | 
 |           : ChainedStruct{{Out}} { nullptr, SType::{{type.name.CamelCase()}} } {} | 
 |         struct {{CppType}}::Init { | 
 |             ChainedStruct{{Out}} * {{const}} nextInChain; | 
 |             {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |                 {% set member_declaration = as_annotated_cppType(member, type.has_free_members_function) + render_cpp_default_value(member, True, type.has_free_members_function) %} | 
 |                 {{member_declaration}}; | 
 |             {% endfor %} | 
 |         }; | 
 |         {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}({{CppType}}::Init&& init) | 
 |           : ChainedStruct{{Out}} { init.nextInChain, SType::{{type.name.CamelCase()}} } | 
 |             {%- for member in type.members -%},{{" "}} | 
 |                 {{as_varName(member.name)}}(std::move(init.{{as_varName(member.name)}})) | 
 |             {%- endfor -%} | 
 |             {} | 
 |     {% elif type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |         {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}() = default; | 
 |     {% endif %} | 
 |     {% if type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |         {{CppType}}::~{{CppType}}() { | 
 |             FreeMembers(); | 
 |         } | 
 |  | 
 |         {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}({{CppType}}&& rhs) | 
 |             : {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |             {%- set memberName = member.name.camelCase() -%} | 
 |             {{memberName}}(rhs.{{memberName}}){% if not loop.last %},{{"\n            "}}{% endif %} | 
 |         {% endfor -%} | 
 |         { | 
 |             Reset(rhs); | 
 |         } | 
 |  | 
 |         {{CppType}}& {{CppType}}::operator=({{CppType}}&& rhs) { | 
 |             if (&rhs == this) { | 
 |                 return *this; | 
 |             } | 
 |             FreeMembers(); | 
 |             {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |                 detail::AsNonConstReference(this->{{member.name.camelCase()}}) = std::move(rhs.{{member.name.camelCase()}}); | 
 |             {% endfor %} | 
 |             Reset(rhs); | 
 |             return *this; | 
 |         } | 
 |  | 
 |         {% if type.has_free_members_function %} | 
 |             void {{CppType}}::FreeMembers() { | 
 |                 bool needsFreeing = false; | 
 |                 {%- for member in type.members if member.annotation != 'value' %} | 
 |                     if (this->{{member.name.camelCase()}} != nullptr) { needsFreeing = true; } | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                 {%- for member in type.members if member.type.name.canonical_case() == 'string view' %} | 
 |                     if (this->{{member.name.camelCase()}}.data != nullptr) { needsFreeing = true; } | 
 |                 {%- endfor -%} | 
 |                 if (needsFreeing) { | 
 |                     {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, Name("free members"), c_namespace)}}( | 
 |                         *reinterpret_cast<{{CType}}*>(this)); | 
 |                 } | 
 |             } | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 |         // static | 
 |         void {{CppType}}::Reset({{CppType}}& value) { | 
 |             {{CppType}} defaultValue{}; | 
 |             {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |                 detail::AsNonConstReference(value.{{member.name.camelCase()}}) = defaultValue.{{member.name.camelCase()}}; | 
 |             {% endfor %} | 
 |         } | 
 |     {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 |     {{CppType}}::operator const {{CType}}&() const noexcept { | 
 |         return *reinterpret_cast<const {{CType}}*>(this); | 
 |     } | 
 |  | 
 |     static_assert(sizeof({{CppType}}) == sizeof({{CType}}), "sizeof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |     static_assert(alignof({{CppType}}) == alignof({{CType}}), "alignof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |     {% if type.extensible %} | 
 |         static_assert(offsetof({{CppType}}, nextInChain) == offsetof({{CType}}, nextInChain), | 
 |                 "offsetof mismatch for {{CppType}}::nextInChain"); | 
 |     {% endif %} | 
 |     {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |         {% set memberName = member.name.camelCase() %} | 
 |         static_assert(offsetof({{CppType}}, {{memberName}}) == offsetof({{CType}}, {{memberName}}), | 
 |                 "offsetof mismatch for {{CppType}}::{{memberName}}"); | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 | //* Special implementation for device descriptor. | 
 | {% set type = types["device descriptor"] %} | 
 | {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 | {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 | // {{CppType}} implementation | 
 |  | 
 | {{CppType}}::operator const {{CType}}&() const noexcept { | 
 |     return *reinterpret_cast<const {{CType}}*>(this); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}() : detail::{{CppType}} {} { | 
 |     static_assert(offsetof({{CppType}}, nextInChain) == offsetof({{CType}}, nextInChain), | 
 |                 "offsetof mismatch for {{CppType}}::nextInChain"); | 
 |     {% for member in type.members %} | 
 |         {% set memberName = member.name.camelCase() %} | 
 |         static_assert(offsetof({{CppType}}, {{memberName}}) == offsetof({{CType}}, {{memberName}}), | 
 |                 "offsetof mismatch for {{CppType}}::{{memberName}}"); | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | struct {{CppType}}::Init { | 
 |     ChainedStruct const * nextInChain; | 
 |     {% for member in type.members if member.type.category != "callback info" %} | 
 |         {% set member_declaration = as_annotated_cppType(member, type.has_free_members_function) + render_cpp_default_value(member, True, type.has_free_members_function) %} | 
 |         {{member_declaration}}; | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 | }; | 
 |  | 
 | {{CppType}}::{{CppType}}({{CppType}}::Init&& init) : detail::{{CppType}} { | 
 |     init.nextInChain | 
 |     {%- for member in type.members if member.type.category != "callback info" -%},{{" "}} | 
 |         std::move(init.{{as_varName(member.name)}}) | 
 |     {%- endfor -%} | 
 | } {} | 
 |  | 
 | static_assert(sizeof({{CppType}}) == sizeof({{CType}}), "sizeof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 | static_assert(alignof({{CppType}}) == alignof({{CType}}), "alignof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |  | 
 | template <typename F, typename T, typename Cb, typename> | 
 | void {{CppType}}::SetDeviceLostCallback(CallbackMode callbackMode, F callback, T userdata) { | 
 |     assert(deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback == nullptr); | 
 |  | 
 |     deviceLostCallbackInfo.mode = static_cast<WGPUCallbackMode>(callbackMode); | 
 |     deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback = [](WGPUDevice const * device, WGPUDeviceLostReason reason, WGPUStringView message, void* callback_param, void* userdata_param) { | 
 |         auto cb = reinterpret_cast<Cb*>(callback_param); | 
 |         // We manually acquire and release the device to avoid changing any ref counts. | 
 |         auto apiDevice = Device::Acquire(*device); | 
 |         (*cb)(apiDevice, static_cast<DeviceLostReason>(reason), message, static_cast<T>(userdata_param)); | 
 |         apiDevice.MoveToCHandle(); | 
 |     }; | 
 |     deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |     deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata2 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(userdata); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | template <typename L, typename Cb, typename> | 
 | void {{CppType}}::SetDeviceLostCallback(CallbackMode callbackMode, L callback) { | 
 |     assert(deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback == nullptr); | 
 |     using F = DeviceLostCallback<void>; | 
 |  | 
 |     deviceLostCallbackInfo.mode = static_cast<WGPUCallbackMode>(callbackMode); | 
 |     if constexpr (std::is_convertible_v<L, F*>) { | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback = [](WGPUDevice const * device, WGPUDeviceLostReason reason, WGPUStringView message, void* callback_param, void*) { | 
 |             auto cb = reinterpret_cast<F*>(callback_param); | 
 |             // We manually acquire and release the device to avoid changing any ref counts. | 
 |             auto apiDevice = Device::Acquire(*device); | 
 |             (*cb)(apiDevice, static_cast<DeviceLostReason>(reason), message); | 
 |             apiDevice.MoveToCHandle(); | 
 |         }; | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata2 = nullptr; | 
 |     } else { | 
 |         auto* lambda = new L(std::move(callback)); | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.callback = [](WGPUDevice const * device, WGPUDeviceLostReason reason, WGPUStringView message, void* callback_param, void*) { | 
 |             std::unique_ptr<L> the_lambda(reinterpret_cast<L*>(callback_param)); | 
 |             // We manually acquire and release the device to avoid changing any ref counts. | 
 |             auto apiDevice = Device::Acquire(*device); | 
 |             (*the_lambda)(apiDevice, static_cast<DeviceLostReason>(reason), message); | 
 |             apiDevice.MoveToCHandle(); | 
 |         }; | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(lambda); | 
 |         deviceLostCallbackInfo.userdata2 = nullptr; | 
 |     } | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | template <typename F, typename T, typename Cb, typename> | 
 | void {{CppType}}::SetUncapturedErrorCallback(F callback, T userdata) { | 
 |     assert(uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback == nullptr); | 
 |  | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback = [](WGPUDevice const * device, WGPUErrorType type, WGPUStringView message, void* callback_param, void* userdata_param) { | 
 |         auto cb = reinterpret_cast<Cb*>(callback_param); | 
 |         // We manually acquire and release the device to avoid changing any ref counts. | 
 |         auto apiDevice = Device::Acquire(*device); | 
 |         (*cb)(apiDevice, static_cast<ErrorType>(type), message, static_cast<T>(userdata_param)); | 
 |         apiDevice.MoveToCHandle(); | 
 |     }; | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.userdata2 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(userdata); | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | template <typename L, typename Cb, typename> | 
 | void {{CppType}}::SetUncapturedErrorCallback(L callback) { | 
 |     assert(uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback == nullptr); | 
 |     using F = UncapturedErrorCallback<void>; | 
 |     static_assert(std::is_convertible_v<L, F*>, "Uncaptured error callback cannot be a binding lambda"); | 
 |  | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.callback = [](WGPUDevice const * device, WGPUErrorType type, WGPUStringView message, void* callback_param, void*) { | 
 |         auto cb = reinterpret_cast<F*>(callback_param); | 
 |         // We manually acquire and release the device to avoid changing any ref counts. | 
 |         auto apiDevice = Device::Acquire(*device); | 
 |         (*cb)(apiDevice, static_cast<ErrorType>(type), message); | 
 |         apiDevice.MoveToCHandle(); | 
 |     }; | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.userdata1 = reinterpret_cast<void*>(+callback); | 
 |     uncapturedErrorCallbackInfo.userdata2 = nullptr; | 
 | } | 
 |  | 
 | #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__clang__) | 
 | #pragma GCC diagnostic pop | 
 | #endif | 
 |  | 
 | {% for type in by_category["object"] %} | 
 |     {% set CppType = as_cppType(type.name) %} | 
 |     {% set CType = as_cType(type.name) %} | 
 |     // {{CppType}} implementation | 
 |  | 
 |     {% for method in type.methods %} | 
 |         {% if has_callbackInfoStruct(method) %} | 
 |             {{render_cpp_callback_info_template_method_impl(type, method)}} | 
 |             {{render_cpp_callback_info_lambda_method_impl(type, method)}} | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             {{render_cpp_method_impl(type, method)}} | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 |     {% if CppType == "Instance" %} | 
 |         WaitStatus Instance::WaitAny(Future f, uint64_t timeout) const { | 
 |             FutureWaitInfo waitInfo { f }; | 
 |             return WaitAny(1, &waitInfo, timeout); | 
 |         } | 
 |     {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 |     void {{CppType}}::{{c_prefix}}AddRef({{CType}} handle) { | 
 |         if (handle != nullptr) { | 
 |             {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, Name("add ref"), c_namespace)}}(handle); | 
 |         } | 
 |     } | 
 |     void {{CppType}}::{{c_prefix}}Release({{CType}} handle) { | 
 |         if (handle != nullptr) { | 
 |             {{as_cMethodNamespaced(type.name, Name("release"), c_namespace)}}(handle); | 
 |         } | 
 |     } | 
 |     static_assert(sizeof({{CppType}}) == sizeof({{CType}}), "sizeof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |     static_assert(alignof({{CppType}}) == alignof({{CType}}), "alignof mismatch for {{CppType}}"); | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% if c_namespace %} | 
 |     }  // namespace {{c_namespace.namespace_case()}} | 
 |  | 
 |     {% for type in by_category["object"] %} | 
 |         using {{as_cppType(type.name)}} = {{c_namespace.namespace_case()}}::{{as_cppType(type.name)}}; | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 |     {% for type in by_category["structure"] %} | 
 |         using {{as_cppType(type.name)}} = {{c_namespace.namespace_case()}}::{{as_cppType(type.name)}}; | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 |     {% for type in by_category["callback function"] %} | 
 |         template <typename... T> | 
 |         using {{as_cppType(type.name)}} = typename {{c_namespace.namespace_case()}}::{{as_cppType(type.name)}}<T...>; | 
 |     {% endfor %} | 
 | {% endif %} | 
 |  | 
 | {% for typeDef in by_category["typedef"] %} | 
 |     // {{as_cppType(typeDef.name)}} is deprecated. | 
 |     // Use {{as_cppType(typeDef.type.name)}} instead. | 
 |     using {{as_cppType(typeDef.name)}} = {{as_cppType(typeDef.type.name)}}; | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | // Free Functions | 
 | {% for function in by_category["function"] if not function.no_cpp %} | 
 |     //* TODO(crbug.com/42241188): Remove "2" suffix when WGPUStringView changes complete. | 
 |     {% set OriginalFunctionName = as_cppType(function.name) %} | 
 |     {% set FunctionName = OriginalFunctionName[:-1] if function.name.chunks[-1] == "2" else OriginalFunctionName %} | 
 |     static inline {{as_cppType(function.return_type.name)}} {{FunctionName}}( | 
 |         {%- for arg in function.arguments -%} | 
 |             {%- if not loop.first %}, {% endif -%} | 
 |             {{as_annotated_cppType(arg)}}{{render_cpp_default_value(arg, False)}} | 
 |         {%- endfor -%} | 
 |     ) { | 
 |         {% if function.return_type.name.concatcase() == "void" %} | 
 |             {{render_function_call(function)}}; | 
 |         {% else %} | 
 |             auto result = {{render_function_call(function)}}; | 
 |             return {{convert_cType_to_cppType(function.return_type, 'value', 'result')}}; | 
 |         {% endif %} | 
 |     } | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 |  | 
 | }  // namespace {{metadata.namespace}} | 
 |  | 
 | namespace wgpu { | 
 | {% for type in by_category["bitmask"] %} | 
 |     template<> | 
 |     struct IsWGPUBitmask<{{metadata.namespace}}::{{as_cppType(type.name)}}> { | 
 |         static constexpr bool enable = true; | 
 |     }; | 
 |  | 
 | {% endfor %} | 
 | } // namespace wgpu | 
 |  | 
 | namespace std { | 
 | // Custom boolean class needs corresponding hash function so that it appears as a transparent bool. | 
 | template <> | 
 | struct hash<{{metadata.namespace}}::{{BoolCppType}}> { | 
 |   public: | 
 |     size_t operator()(const {{metadata.namespace}}::{{BoolCppType}} &v) const { | 
 |         return hash<bool>()(v); | 
 |     } | 
 | }; | 
 | template <> | 
 | struct hash<{{metadata.namespace}}::{{OptionalBoolCppType}}> { | 
 |   public: | 
 |     size_t operator()(const {{metadata.namespace}}::{{OptionalBoolCppType}} &v) const { | 
 |         return hash<{{OptionalBoolCType}}>()(v.mValue); | 
 |     } | 
 | }; | 
 | }  // namespace std | 
 |  | 
 | #endif // {{PREFIX}}{{API}}_CPP_H_ |