src/tests/perf_tests/DrawCallPerf.cpp - dawn - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2019 The Dawn Authors
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
 //
 //     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 //
 // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

 #include "tests/perf_tests/DawnPerfTest.h"

 #include "common/Assert.h"
 #include "common/Constants.h"
 #include "common/Math.h"
 #include "utils/ComboRenderPipelineDescriptor.h"
 #include "utils/WGPUHelpers.h"

 namespace {

     constexpr unsigned int kNumDraws = 2000;

     constexpr uint32_t kTextureSize = 64;
     constexpr size_t kUniformSize = 3 * sizeof(float);

     constexpr float kVertexData[12] = {
         0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
     };

     constexpr char kVertexShader[] = R"(
         [[stage(vertex)]] fn main(
             [[location(0)]] pos : vec4<f32>
         ) -> [[builtin(position)]] vec4<f32> {
             return pos;
         })";

     constexpr char kFragmentShaderA[] = R"(
         [[block]] struct Uniforms {
             color : vec3<f32>;
         };
         [[group(0), binding(0)]] var<uniform> uniforms : Uniforms;
         [[stage(fragment)]] fn main() -> [[location(0)]] vec4<f32> {
             return vec4<f32>(uniforms.color * (1.0 / 5000.0), 1.0);
         })";

     constexpr char kFragmentShaderB[] = R"(
         [[block]] struct Constants {
             color : vec3<f32>;
         };
         [[block]] struct Uniforms {
             color : vec3<f32>;
         };
         [[group(0), binding(0)]] var<uniform> constants : Constants;
         [[group(1), binding(0)]] var<uniform> uniforms : Uniforms;

         [[stage(fragment)]] fn main() -> [[location(0)]] vec4<f32> {
             return vec4<f32>((constants.color + uniforms.color) * (1.0 / 5000.0), 1.0);
         })";

     enum class Pipeline {
         Static,     // Keep the same pipeline for all draws.
         Redundant,  // Use the same pipeline, but redundantly set it.
         Dynamic,    // Change the pipeline between draws.
     };

     enum class UniformData {
         Static,   // Don't update per-draw uniform data.
         Dynamic,  // Update the per-draw uniform data once per frame.
     };

     enum class BindGroup {
         NoChange,   // Use one bind group for all draws.
         Redundant,  // Use the same bind group, but redundantly set it.
         NoReuse,    // Create a new bind group every time.
         Multiple,   // Use multiple static bind groups.
         Dynamic,    // Use bind groups with dynamic offsets.
     };

     enum class VertexBuffer {
         NoChange,  // Use one vertex buffer for all draws.
         Multiple,  // Use multiple static vertex buffers.
         Dynamic,   // Switch vertex buffers between draws.
     };

     enum class RenderBundle {
         No,   // Record commands in a render pass
         Yes,  // Record commands in a render bundle
     };

     struct DrawCallParam {
         Pipeline pipelineType;
         VertexBuffer vertexBufferType;
         BindGroup bindGroupType;
         UniformData uniformDataType;
         RenderBundle withRenderBundle;
     };

     using DrawCallParamTuple =
         std::tuple<Pipeline, VertexBuffer, BindGroup, UniformData, RenderBundle>;

     template <typename T>
     unsigned int AssignParam(T& lhs, T rhs) {
         lhs = rhs;
         return 0u;
     }

     // This helper function allows creating a DrawCallParam from a list of arguments
     // without specifying all of the members. Provided members can be passed once in an arbitrary
     // order. Unspecified members default to:
     //  - Pipeline::Static
     //  - VertexBuffer::NoChange
     //  - BindGroup::NoChange
     //  - UniformData::Static
     //  - RenderBundle::No
     template <typename... Ts>
     DrawCallParam MakeParam(Ts... args) {
         // Baseline param
         DrawCallParamTuple paramTuple{Pipeline::Static, VertexBuffer::NoChange, BindGroup::NoChange,
                                       UniformData::Static, RenderBundle::No};

         unsigned int unused[] = {
             0,  // Avoid making a 0-sized array.
             AssignParam(std::get<Ts>(paramTuple), args)...,
         };
         DAWN_UNUSED(unused);

         return DrawCallParam{
             std::get<Pipeline>(paramTuple),     std::get<VertexBuffer>(paramTuple),
             std::get<BindGroup>(paramTuple),    std::get<UniformData>(paramTuple),
             std::get<RenderBundle>(paramTuple),
         };
     }

     struct DrawCallParamForTest : AdapterTestParam {
         DrawCallParamForTest(const AdapterTestParam& backendParam, DrawCallParam param)
             : AdapterTestParam(backendParam), param(param) {
         }
         DrawCallParam param;
     };

     std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& ostream, const DrawCallParamForTest& testParams) {
         ostream << static_cast<const AdapterTestParam&>(testParams);

         const DrawCallParam& param = testParams.param;

         switch (param.pipelineType) {
             case Pipeline::Static:
                 break;
             case Pipeline::Redundant:
                 ostream << "_RedundantPipeline";
                 break;
             case Pipeline::Dynamic:
                 ostream << "_DynamicPipeline";
                 break;
         }

         switch (param.vertexBufferType) {
             case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
                 break;
             case VertexBuffer::Multiple:
                 ostream << "_MultipleVertexBuffers";
                 break;
             case VertexBuffer::Dynamic:
                 ostream << "_DynamicVertexBuffer";
         }

         switch (param.bindGroupType) {
             case BindGroup::NoChange:
                 break;
             case BindGroup::Redundant:
                 ostream << "_RedundantBindGroups";
                 break;
             case BindGroup::NoReuse:
                 ostream << "_NoReuseBindGroups";
                 break;
             case BindGroup::Multiple:
                 ostream << "_MultipleBindGroups";
                 break;
             case BindGroup::Dynamic:
                 ostream << "_DynamicBindGroup";
                 break;
         }

         switch (param.uniformDataType) {
             case UniformData::Static:
                 break;
             case UniformData::Dynamic:
                 ostream << "_DynamicData";
                 break;
         }

         switch (param.withRenderBundle) {
             case RenderBundle::No:
                 break;
             case RenderBundle::Yes:
                 ostream << "_RenderBundle";
                 break;
         }

         return ostream;
     }

 }  // anonymous namespace

 // DrawCallPerf is an uber-benchmark with supports many parameterizations.
 // The specific parameterizations we care about are explicitly instantiated at the bottom
 // of this test file.
 // DrawCallPerf tests drawing a simple triangle with many ways of encoding commands,
 // binding, and uploading data to the GPU. The rationale for this is the following:
 //   - Static/Multiple/Dynamic vertex buffers: Tests switching buffer bindings. This has
 //     a state tracking cost as well as a GPU driver cost.
 //   - Static/Multiple/Dynamic bind groups: Same rationale as vertex buffers
 //   - Static/Dynamic pipelines: In addition to a change to GPU state, changing the pipeline
 //     layout incurs additional state tracking costs in Dawn.
 //   - With/Without render bundles: All of the above can have lower validation costs if
 //     precomputed in a render bundle.
 //   - Static/Dynamic data: Updating data for each draw is a common use case. It also tests
 //     the efficiency of resource transitions.
 class DrawCallPerf : public DawnPerfTestWithParams<DrawCallParamForTest> {
   public:
     DrawCallPerf() : DawnPerfTestWithParams(kNumDraws, 3) {
     }
     ~DrawCallPerf() override = default;

     void SetUp() override;

   protected:
     DrawCallParam GetParam() const {
         return DawnPerfTestWithParams::GetParam().param;
     }

     template <typename Encoder>
     void RecordRenderCommands(Encoder encoder);

   private:
     void Step() override;

     // One large dynamic vertex buffer, or multiple separate vertex buffers.
     wgpu::Buffer mVertexBuffers[kNumDraws];
     size_t mAlignedVertexDataSize;

     std::vector<float> mUniformBufferData;
     // One large dynamic uniform buffer, or multiple separate uniform buffers.
     wgpu::Buffer mUniformBuffers[kNumDraws];

     wgpu::BindGroupLayout mUniformBindGroupLayout;
     // One dynamic bind group or multiple bind groups.
     wgpu::BindGroup mUniformBindGroups[kNumDraws];
     size_t mAlignedUniformSize;
     size_t mNumUniformFloats;

     wgpu::BindGroupLayout mConstantBindGroupLayout;
     wgpu::BindGroup mConstantBindGroup;

     // If the pipeline is static, only the first is used.
     // Otherwise, the test alternates between two pipelines for each draw.
     wgpu::RenderPipeline mPipelines[2];

     wgpu::TextureView mColorAttachment;
     wgpu::TextureView mDepthStencilAttachment;

     wgpu::RenderBundle mRenderBundle;
 };

 void DrawCallPerf::SetUp() {
     DawnPerfTestWithParams::SetUp();

     // Compute aligned uniform / vertex data sizes.
     mAlignedUniformSize = Align(kUniformSize, kMinDynamicBufferOffsetAlignment);
     mAlignedVertexDataSize = Align(sizeof(kVertexData), 4);

     // Initialize uniform buffer data.
     mNumUniformFloats = mAlignedUniformSize / sizeof(float);
     mUniformBufferData = std::vector<float>(kNumDraws * mNumUniformFloats, 0.0);

     // Create the color / depth stencil attachments.
     {
         wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor = {};
         descriptor.dimension = wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
         descriptor.size.width = kTextureSize;
         descriptor.size.height = kTextureSize;
         descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers = 1;
         descriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;

         descriptor.format = wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
         mColorAttachment = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor).CreateView();

         descriptor.format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8;
         mDepthStencilAttachment = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor).CreateView();
     }

     // Create vertex buffer(s)
     switch (GetParam().vertexBufferType) {
         case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
             mVertexBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                 device, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
             break;

         case VertexBuffer::Multiple: {
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
                 mVertexBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                     device, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
             }
             break;
         }

         case VertexBuffer::Dynamic: {
             std::vector<char> data(mAlignedVertexDataSize * kNumDraws);
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
                 memcpy(data.data() + mAlignedVertexDataSize * i, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData));
             }

             mVertexBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(device, data.data(), data.size(),
                                                             wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
             break;
         }
     }

     // Create the bind group layout.
     switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
         case BindGroup::NoChange:
         case BindGroup::Redundant:
         case BindGroup::NoReuse:
         case BindGroup::Multiple:
             mUniformBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
                 device,
                 {
                     {0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, false},
                 });
             break;

         case BindGroup::Dynamic:
             mUniformBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
                 device,
                 {
                     {0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, true},
                 });
             break;

         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
             break;
     }

     // Setup the base render pipeline descriptor.
     utils::ComboRenderPipelineDescriptor renderPipelineDesc;
     renderPipelineDesc.vertex.bufferCount = 1;
     renderPipelineDesc.cBuffers[0].arrayStride = 4 * sizeof(float);
     renderPipelineDesc.cBuffers[0].attributeCount = 1;
     renderPipelineDesc.cAttributes[0].format = wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
     renderPipelineDesc.EnableDepthStencil(wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8);
     renderPipelineDesc.cTargets[0].format = wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;

     // Create the pipeline layout for the first pipeline.
     wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor pipelineLayoutDesc = {};
     pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = &mUniformBindGroupLayout;
     pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 1;
     wgpu::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout = device.CreatePipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutDesc);

     // Create the shaders for the first pipeline.
     wgpu::ShaderModule vsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kVertexShader);
     wgpu::ShaderModule fsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kFragmentShaderA);

     // Create the first pipeline.
     renderPipelineDesc.layout = pipelineLayout;
     renderPipelineDesc.vertex.module = vsModule;
     renderPipelineDesc.cFragment.module = fsModule;
     mPipelines[0] = device.CreateRenderPipeline(&renderPipelineDesc);

     // If the test is using a dynamic pipeline, create the second pipeline.
     if (GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Dynamic) {
         // Create another bind group layout. The data for this binding point will be the same for
         // all draws.
         mConstantBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
             device, {
                         {0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, false},
                     });

         // Create the pipeline layout.
         wgpu::BindGroupLayout bindGroupLayouts[2] = {
             mConstantBindGroupLayout,
             mUniformBindGroupLayout,
         };
         pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = bindGroupLayouts,
         pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 2;
         wgpu::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout = device.CreatePipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutDesc);

         // Create the fragment shader module. This shader matches the pipeline layout described
         // above.
         wgpu::ShaderModule fsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kFragmentShaderB);

         // Create the pipeline.
         renderPipelineDesc.layout = pipelineLayout;
         renderPipelineDesc.cFragment.module = fsModule;
         mPipelines[1] = device.CreateRenderPipeline(&renderPipelineDesc);

         // Create the buffer and bind group to bind to the constant bind group layout slot.
         constexpr float kConstantData[] = {0.01, 0.02, 0.03};
         wgpu::Buffer constantBuffer = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
             device, kConstantData, sizeof(kConstantData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);
         mConstantBindGroup = utils::MakeBindGroup(device, mConstantBindGroupLayout,
                                                   {{0, constantBuffer, 0, sizeof(kConstantData)}});
     }

     // Create the buffers and bind groups for the per-draw uniform data.
     switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
         case BindGroup::NoChange:
         case BindGroup::Redundant:
             mUniformBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                 device, mUniformBufferData.data(), 3 * sizeof(float), wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

             mUniformBindGroups[0] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
                 device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[0], 0, kUniformSize}});
             break;

         case BindGroup::NoReuse:
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
                 mUniformBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                     device, mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats, 3 * sizeof(float),
                     wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);
             }
             // Bind groups are created on-the-fly.
             break;

         case BindGroup::Multiple:
             for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
                 mUniformBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                     device, mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats, 3 * sizeof(float),
                     wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

                 mUniformBindGroups[i] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
                     device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[i], 0, kUniformSize}});
             }
             break;

         case BindGroup::Dynamic:
             mUniformBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
                 device, mUniformBufferData.data(), mUniformBufferData.size() * sizeof(float),
                 wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

             mUniformBindGroups[0] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
                 device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[0], 0, kUniformSize}});
             break;
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
             break;
     }

     // If using render bundles, record the render commands now.
     if (GetParam().withRenderBundle == RenderBundle::Yes) {
         wgpu::RenderBundleEncoderDescriptor descriptor = {};
         descriptor.colorFormatsCount = 1;
         descriptor.colorFormats = &renderPipelineDesc.cTargets[0].format;
         descriptor.depthStencilFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8;

         wgpu::RenderBundleEncoder encoder = device.CreateRenderBundleEncoder(&descriptor);
         RecordRenderCommands(encoder);
         mRenderBundle = encoder.Finish();
     }
 }

 template <typename Encoder>
 void DrawCallPerf::RecordRenderCommands(Encoder pass) {
     uint32_t uniformBindGroupIndex = 0;

     if (GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Static) {
         // Static pipeline can be set now.
         pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[0]);
     }

     if (GetParam().vertexBufferType == VertexBuffer::NoChange) {
         // Static vertex buffer can be set now.
         pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[0]);
     }

     if (GetParam().bindGroupType == BindGroup::NoChange) {
         // Incompatible. Can't change pipeline without changing bind groups.
         ASSERT(GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Static);

         // Static bind group can be set now.
         pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0]);
     }

     for (unsigned int i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
         switch (GetParam().pipelineType) {
             case Pipeline::Static:
                 break;
             case Pipeline::Redundant:
                 pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[0]);
                 break;
             case Pipeline::Dynamic: {
                 // If the pipeline is dynamic, ping pong between two pipelines.
                 pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[i % 2]);

                 // The pipelines have different layouts so we change the binding index here.
                 uniformBindGroupIndex = i % 2;
                 if (uniformBindGroupIndex == 1) {
                     // Because of the pipeline layout change, we need to rebind bind group index 0.
                     pass.SetBindGroup(0, mConstantBindGroup);
                 }
                 break;
             }
         }

         // Set the vertex buffer, if it changes.
         switch (GetParam().vertexBufferType) {
             case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
                 break;

             case VertexBuffer::Multiple:
                 pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[i]);
                 break;

             case VertexBuffer::Dynamic:
                 pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[0], i * mAlignedVertexDataSize);
                 break;
         }

         // Set the bind group, if it changes.
         switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
             case BindGroup::NoChange:
                 break;

             case BindGroup::Redundant:
                 pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0]);
                 break;

             case BindGroup::NoReuse: {
                 wgpu::BindGroup bindGroup = utils::MakeBindGroup(
                     device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[i], 0, kUniformSize}});
                 pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, bindGroup);
                 break;
             }

             case BindGroup::Multiple:
                 pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[i]);
                 break;

             case BindGroup::Dynamic: {
                 uint32_t dynamicOffset = static_cast<uint32_t>(i * mAlignedUniformSize);
                 pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0], 1, &dynamicOffset);
                 break;
             }

             default:
                 UNREACHABLE();
                 break;
         }
         pass.Draw(3);
     }
 }

 void DrawCallPerf::Step() {
     if (GetParam().uniformDataType == UniformData::Dynamic) {
         // Update uniform data if it's dynamic.
         std::fill(mUniformBufferData.begin(), mUniformBufferData.end(),
                   mUniformBufferData[0] + 1.0);

         switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
             case BindGroup::NoChange:
             case BindGroup::Redundant:
                 queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[0], 0, mUniformBufferData.data(),
                                   3 * sizeof(float));
                 break;
             case BindGroup::NoReuse:
             case BindGroup::Multiple:
                 for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
                     queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[i], 0,
                                       mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats,
                                       3 * sizeof(float));
                 }
                 break;
             case BindGroup::Dynamic:
                 queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[0], 0, mUniformBufferData.data(),
                                   mUniformBufferData.size() * sizeof(float));
                 break;
         }
     }

     wgpu::CommandEncoder commands = device.CreateCommandEncoder();
     utils::ComboRenderPassDescriptor renderPass({mColorAttachment}, mDepthStencilAttachment);
     wgpu::RenderPassEncoder pass = commands.BeginRenderPass(&renderPass);

     switch (GetParam().withRenderBundle) {
         case RenderBundle::No:
             RecordRenderCommands(pass);
             break;
         case RenderBundle::Yes:
             pass.ExecuteBundles(1, &mRenderBundle);
             break;
         default:
             UNREACHABLE();
             break;
     }

     pass.EndPass();
     wgpu::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = commands.Finish();
     queue.Submit(1, &commandBuffer);
 }

 TEST_P(DrawCallPerf, Run) {
     RunTest();
 }

 DAWN_INSTANTIATE_TEST_P(
     DrawCallPerf,
     {D3D12Backend(), MetalBackend(), OpenGLBackend(), VulkanBackend(),
      VulkanBackend({"skip_validation"})},
     {
         // Baseline
         MakeParam(),

         // Change vertex buffer binding
         MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Multiple),  // Multiple vertex buffers
         MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Dynamic),   // Dynamic vertex buffer

         // Change bind group binding
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple),  // Multiple bind groups
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic),   // Dynamic bind groups
         MakeParam(BindGroup::NoReuse),   // New bind group per-draw

         // Redundantly set pipeline / bind groups
         MakeParam(Pipeline::Redundant, BindGroup::Redundant),

         // Switch the pipeline every draw to test state tracking and updates to binding points
         MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
                   BindGroup::Multiple),  // Multiple bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline
         MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
                   BindGroup::Dynamic),  // Dynamic bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline

         // ----------- Render Bundles -----------
         // Command validation / state tracking can be futher optimized / precomputed.
         // Use render bundles with varying vertex buffer binding
         MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Multiple,
                   RenderBundle::Yes),  // Multiple vertex buffers w/ render bundle
         MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Dynamic,
                   RenderBundle::Yes),  // Dynamic vertex buffer w/ render bundle

         // Use render bundles with varying bind group binding
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple, RenderBundle::Yes),  // Multiple bind groups w/ render bundle
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic, RenderBundle::Yes),   // Dynamic bind groups w/ render bundle

         // Use render bundles with dynamic pipeline
         MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
                   BindGroup::Multiple,
                   RenderBundle::Yes),  // Multiple bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline w/ render bundle
         MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
                   BindGroup::Dynamic,
                   RenderBundle::Yes),  // Dynamic bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline w/ render bundle

         // ----------- Render Bundles (end)-------

         // Update per-draw data in the bind group(s). This will cause resource transitions between
         // updating and drawing.
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple,
                   UniformData::Dynamic),  // Update per-draw data: Multiple bind groups
         MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic,
                   UniformData::Dynamic),  // Update per-draw data: Dynamic bind groups
     });
	// Copyright 2019 The Dawn Authors
	//
	// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	// You may obtain a copy of the License at
	//
	// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	//
	// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	// limitations under the License.

	#include "tests/perf_tests/DawnPerfTest.h"

	#include "common/Assert.h"
	#include "common/Constants.h"
	#include "common/Math.h"
	#include "utils/ComboRenderPipelineDescriptor.h"
	#include "utils/WGPUHelpers.h"

	namespace {

	constexpr unsigned int kNumDraws = 2000;

	constexpr uint32_t kTextureSize = 64;
	constexpr size_t kUniformSize = 3 * sizeof(float);

	constexpr float kVertexData[12] = {
	0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, -0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f, 1.0f,
	};

	constexpr char kVertexShader[] = R"(
	[[stage(vertex)]] fn main(
	[[location(0)]] pos : vec4<f32>
	) -> [[builtin(position)]] vec4<f32> {
	return pos;
	})";

	constexpr char kFragmentShaderA[] = R"(
	[[block]] struct Uniforms {
	color : vec3<f32>;
	};
	[[group(0), binding(0)]] var<uniform> uniforms : Uniforms;
	[[stage(fragment)]] fn main() -> [[location(0)]] vec4<f32> {
	return vec4<f32>(uniforms.color * (1.0 / 5000.0), 1.0);
	})";

	constexpr char kFragmentShaderB[] = R"(
	[[block]] struct Constants {
	color : vec3<f32>;
	};
	[[block]] struct Uniforms {
	color : vec3<f32>;
	};
	[[group(0), binding(0)]] var<uniform> constants : Constants;
	[[group(1), binding(0)]] var<uniform> uniforms : Uniforms;

	[[stage(fragment)]] fn main() -> [[location(0)]] vec4<f32> {
	return vec4<f32>((constants.color + uniforms.color) * (1.0 / 5000.0), 1.0);
	})";

	enum class Pipeline {
	Static, // Keep the same pipeline for all draws.
	Redundant, // Use the same pipeline, but redundantly set it.
	Dynamic, // Change the pipeline between draws.
	};

	enum class UniformData {
	Static, // Don't update per-draw uniform data.
	Dynamic, // Update the per-draw uniform data once per frame.
	};

	enum class BindGroup {
	NoChange, // Use one bind group for all draws.
	Redundant, // Use the same bind group, but redundantly set it.
	NoReuse, // Create a new bind group every time.
	Multiple, // Use multiple static bind groups.
	Dynamic, // Use bind groups with dynamic offsets.
	};

	enum class VertexBuffer {
	NoChange, // Use one vertex buffer for all draws.
	Multiple, // Use multiple static vertex buffers.
	Dynamic, // Switch vertex buffers between draws.
	};

	enum class RenderBundle {
	No, // Record commands in a render pass
	Yes, // Record commands in a render bundle
	};

	struct DrawCallParam {
	Pipeline pipelineType;
	VertexBuffer vertexBufferType;
	BindGroup bindGroupType;
	UniformData uniformDataType;
	RenderBundle withRenderBundle;
	};

	using DrawCallParamTuple =
	std::tuple<Pipeline, VertexBuffer, BindGroup, UniformData, RenderBundle>;

	template <typename T>
	unsigned int AssignParam(T& lhs, T rhs) {
	lhs = rhs;
	return 0u;
	}

	// This helper function allows creating a DrawCallParam from a list of arguments
	// without specifying all of the members. Provided members can be passed once in an arbitrary
	// order. Unspecified members default to:
	// - Pipeline::Static
	// - VertexBuffer::NoChange
	// - BindGroup::NoChange
	// - UniformData::Static
	// - RenderBundle::No
	template <typename... Ts>
	DrawCallParam MakeParam(Ts... args) {
	// Baseline param
	DrawCallParamTuple paramTuple{Pipeline::Static, VertexBuffer::NoChange, BindGroup::NoChange,
	UniformData::Static, RenderBundle::No};

	unsigned int unused[] = {
	0, // Avoid making a 0-sized array.
	AssignParam(std::get<Ts>(paramTuple), args)...,
	};
	DAWN_UNUSED(unused);

	return DrawCallParam{
	std::get<Pipeline>(paramTuple), std::get<VertexBuffer>(paramTuple),
	std::get<BindGroup>(paramTuple), std::get<UniformData>(paramTuple),
	std::get<RenderBundle>(paramTuple),
	};
	}

	struct DrawCallParamForTest : AdapterTestParam {
	DrawCallParamForTest(const AdapterTestParam& backendParam, DrawCallParam param)
	: AdapterTestParam(backendParam), param(param) {
	}
	DrawCallParam param;
	};

	std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& ostream, const DrawCallParamForTest& testParams) {
	ostream << static_cast<const AdapterTestParam&>(testParams);

	const DrawCallParam& param = testParams.param;

	switch (param.pipelineType) {
	case Pipeline::Static:
	break;
	case Pipeline::Redundant:
	ostream << "_RedundantPipeline";
	break;
	case Pipeline::Dynamic:
	ostream << "_DynamicPipeline";
	break;
	}

	switch (param.vertexBufferType) {
	case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
	break;
	case VertexBuffer::Multiple:
	ostream << "_MultipleVertexBuffers";
	break;
	case VertexBuffer::Dynamic:
	ostream << "_DynamicVertexBuffer";
	}

	switch (param.bindGroupType) {
	case BindGroup::NoChange:
	break;
	case BindGroup::Redundant:
	ostream << "_RedundantBindGroups";
	break;
	case BindGroup::NoReuse:
	ostream << "_NoReuseBindGroups";
	break;
	case BindGroup::Multiple:
	ostream << "_MultipleBindGroups";
	break;
	case BindGroup::Dynamic:
	ostream << "_DynamicBindGroup";
	break;
	}

	switch (param.uniformDataType) {
	case UniformData::Static:
	break;
	case UniformData::Dynamic:
	ostream << "_DynamicData";
	break;
	}

	switch (param.withRenderBundle) {
	case RenderBundle::No:
	break;
	case RenderBundle::Yes:
	ostream << "_RenderBundle";
	break;
	}

	return ostream;
	}

	} // anonymous namespace

	// DrawCallPerf is an uber-benchmark with supports many parameterizations.
	// The specific parameterizations we care about are explicitly instantiated at the bottom
	// of this test file.
	// DrawCallPerf tests drawing a simple triangle with many ways of encoding commands,
	// binding, and uploading data to the GPU. The rationale for this is the following:
	// - Static/Multiple/Dynamic vertex buffers: Tests switching buffer bindings. This has
	// a state tracking cost as well as a GPU driver cost.
	// - Static/Multiple/Dynamic bind groups: Same rationale as vertex buffers
	// - Static/Dynamic pipelines: In addition to a change to GPU state, changing the pipeline
	// layout incurs additional state tracking costs in Dawn.
	// - With/Without render bundles: All of the above can have lower validation costs if
	// precomputed in a render bundle.
	// - Static/Dynamic data: Updating data for each draw is a common use case. It also tests
	// the efficiency of resource transitions.
	class DrawCallPerf : public DawnPerfTestWithParams<DrawCallParamForTest> {
	public:
	DrawCallPerf() : DawnPerfTestWithParams(kNumDraws, 3) {
	}
	~DrawCallPerf() override = default;

	void SetUp() override;

	protected:
	DrawCallParam GetParam() const {
	return DawnPerfTestWithParams::GetParam().param;
	}

	template <typename Encoder>
	void RecordRenderCommands(Encoder encoder);

	private:
	void Step() override;

	// One large dynamic vertex buffer, or multiple separate vertex buffers.
	wgpu::Buffer mVertexBuffers[kNumDraws];
	size_t mAlignedVertexDataSize;

	std::vector<float> mUniformBufferData;
	// One large dynamic uniform buffer, or multiple separate uniform buffers.
	wgpu::Buffer mUniformBuffers[kNumDraws];

	wgpu::BindGroupLayout mUniformBindGroupLayout;
	// One dynamic bind group or multiple bind groups.
	wgpu::BindGroup mUniformBindGroups[kNumDraws];
	size_t mAlignedUniformSize;
	size_t mNumUniformFloats;

	wgpu::BindGroupLayout mConstantBindGroupLayout;
	wgpu::BindGroup mConstantBindGroup;

	// If the pipeline is static, only the first is used.
	// Otherwise, the test alternates between two pipelines for each draw.
	wgpu::RenderPipeline mPipelines[2];

	wgpu::TextureView mColorAttachment;
	wgpu::TextureView mDepthStencilAttachment;

	wgpu::RenderBundle mRenderBundle;
	};

	void DrawCallPerf::SetUp() {
	DawnPerfTestWithParams::SetUp();

	// Compute aligned uniform / vertex data sizes.
	mAlignedUniformSize = Align(kUniformSize, kMinDynamicBufferOffsetAlignment);
	mAlignedVertexDataSize = Align(sizeof(kVertexData), 4);

	// Initialize uniform buffer data.
	mNumUniformFloats = mAlignedUniformSize / sizeof(float);
	mUniformBufferData = std::vector<float>(kNumDraws * mNumUniformFloats, 0.0);

	// Create the color / depth stencil attachments.
	{
	wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor = {};
	descriptor.dimension = wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
	descriptor.size.width = kTextureSize;
	descriptor.size.height = kTextureSize;
	descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers = 1;
	descriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment;

	descriptor.format = wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;
	mColorAttachment = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor).CreateView();

	descriptor.format = wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8;
	mDepthStencilAttachment = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor).CreateView();
	}

	// Create vertex buffer(s)
	switch (GetParam().vertexBufferType) {
	case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
	mVertexBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
	break;

	case VertexBuffer::Multiple: {
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	mVertexBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
	}
	break;
	}

	case VertexBuffer::Dynamic: {
	std::vector<char> data(mAlignedVertexDataSize * kNumDraws);
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	memcpy(data.data() + mAlignedVertexDataSize * i, kVertexData, sizeof(kVertexData));
	}

	mVertexBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(device, data.data(), data.size(),
	wgpu::BufferUsage::Vertex);
	break;
	}
	}

	// Create the bind group layout.
	switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
	case BindGroup::NoChange:
	case BindGroup::Redundant:
	case BindGroup::NoReuse:
	case BindGroup::Multiple:
	mUniformBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
	device,
	{
	{0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, false},
	});
	break;

	case BindGroup::Dynamic:
	mUniformBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
	device,
	{
	{0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, true},
	});
	break;

	default:
	UNREACHABLE();
	break;
	}

	// Setup the base render pipeline descriptor.
	utils::ComboRenderPipelineDescriptor renderPipelineDesc;
	renderPipelineDesc.vertex.bufferCount = 1;
	renderPipelineDesc.cBuffers[0].arrayStride = 4 * sizeof(float);
	renderPipelineDesc.cBuffers[0].attributeCount = 1;
	renderPipelineDesc.cAttributes[0].format = wgpu::VertexFormat::Float32x4;
	renderPipelineDesc.EnableDepthStencil(wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8);
	renderPipelineDesc.cTargets[0].format = wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm;

	// Create the pipeline layout for the first pipeline.
	wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor pipelineLayoutDesc = {};
	pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = &mUniformBindGroupLayout;
	pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 1;
	wgpu::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout = device.CreatePipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutDesc);

	// Create the shaders for the first pipeline.
	wgpu::ShaderModule vsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kVertexShader);
	wgpu::ShaderModule fsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kFragmentShaderA);

	// Create the first pipeline.
	renderPipelineDesc.layout = pipelineLayout;
	renderPipelineDesc.vertex.module = vsModule;
	renderPipelineDesc.cFragment.module = fsModule;
	mPipelines[0] = device.CreateRenderPipeline(&renderPipelineDesc);

	// If the test is using a dynamic pipeline, create the second pipeline.
	if (GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Dynamic) {
	// Create another bind group layout. The data for this binding point will be the same for
	// all draws.
	mConstantBindGroupLayout = utils::MakeBindGroupLayout(
	device, {
	{0, wgpu::ShaderStage::Fragment, wgpu::BufferBindingType::Uniform, false},
	});

	// Create the pipeline layout.
	wgpu::BindGroupLayout bindGroupLayouts[2] = {
	mConstantBindGroupLayout,
	mUniformBindGroupLayout,
	};
	pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayouts = bindGroupLayouts,
	pipelineLayoutDesc.bindGroupLayoutCount = 2;
	wgpu::PipelineLayout pipelineLayout = device.CreatePipelineLayout(&pipelineLayoutDesc);

	// Create the fragment shader module. This shader matches the pipeline layout described
	// above.
	wgpu::ShaderModule fsModule = utils::CreateShaderModule(device, kFragmentShaderB);

	// Create the pipeline.
	renderPipelineDesc.layout = pipelineLayout;
	renderPipelineDesc.cFragment.module = fsModule;
	mPipelines[1] = device.CreateRenderPipeline(&renderPipelineDesc);

	// Create the buffer and bind group to bind to the constant bind group layout slot.
	constexpr float kConstantData[] = {0.01, 0.02, 0.03};
	wgpu::Buffer constantBuffer = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, kConstantData, sizeof(kConstantData), wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);
	mConstantBindGroup = utils::MakeBindGroup(device, mConstantBindGroupLayout,
	{{0, constantBuffer, 0, sizeof(kConstantData)}});
	}

	// Create the buffers and bind groups for the per-draw uniform data.
	switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
	case BindGroup::NoChange:
	case BindGroup::Redundant:
	mUniformBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, mUniformBufferData.data(), 3 * sizeof(float), wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

	mUniformBindGroups[0] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
	device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[0], 0, kUniformSize}});
	break;

	case BindGroup::NoReuse:
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	mUniformBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats, 3 * sizeof(float),
	wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);
	}
	// Bind groups are created on-the-fly.
	break;

	case BindGroup::Multiple:
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	mUniformBuffers[i] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats, 3 * sizeof(float),
	wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

	mUniformBindGroups[i] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
	device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[i], 0, kUniformSize}});
	}
	break;

	case BindGroup::Dynamic:
	mUniformBuffers[0] = utils::CreateBufferFromData(
	device, mUniformBufferData.data(), mUniformBufferData.size() * sizeof(float),
	wgpu::BufferUsage::Uniform);

	mUniformBindGroups[0] = utils::MakeBindGroup(
	device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[0], 0, kUniformSize}});
	break;
	default:
	UNREACHABLE();
	break;
	}

	// If using render bundles, record the render commands now.
	if (GetParam().withRenderBundle == RenderBundle::Yes) {
	wgpu::RenderBundleEncoderDescriptor descriptor = {};
	descriptor.colorFormatsCount = 1;
	descriptor.colorFormats = &renderPipelineDesc.cTargets[0].format;
	descriptor.depthStencilFormat = wgpu::TextureFormat::Depth24PlusStencil8;

	wgpu::RenderBundleEncoder encoder = device.CreateRenderBundleEncoder(&descriptor);
	RecordRenderCommands(encoder);
	mRenderBundle = encoder.Finish();
	}
	}

	template <typename Encoder>
	void DrawCallPerf::RecordRenderCommands(Encoder pass) {
	uint32_t uniformBindGroupIndex = 0;

	if (GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Static) {
	// Static pipeline can be set now.
	pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[0]);
	}

	if (GetParam().vertexBufferType == VertexBuffer::NoChange) {
	// Static vertex buffer can be set now.
	pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[0]);
	}

	if (GetParam().bindGroupType == BindGroup::NoChange) {
	// Incompatible. Can't change pipeline without changing bind groups.
	ASSERT(GetParam().pipelineType == Pipeline::Static);

	// Static bind group can be set now.
	pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0]);
	}

	for (unsigned int i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	switch (GetParam().pipelineType) {
	case Pipeline::Static:
	break;
	case Pipeline::Redundant:
	pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[0]);
	break;
	case Pipeline::Dynamic: {
	// If the pipeline is dynamic, ping pong between two pipelines.
	pass.SetPipeline(mPipelines[i % 2]);

	// The pipelines have different layouts so we change the binding index here.
	uniformBindGroupIndex = i % 2;
	if (uniformBindGroupIndex == 1) {
	// Because of the pipeline layout change, we need to rebind bind group index 0.
	pass.SetBindGroup(0, mConstantBindGroup);
	}
	break;
	}
	}

	// Set the vertex buffer, if it changes.
	switch (GetParam().vertexBufferType) {
	case VertexBuffer::NoChange:
	break;

	case VertexBuffer::Multiple:
	pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[i]);
	break;

	case VertexBuffer::Dynamic:
	pass.SetVertexBuffer(0, mVertexBuffers[0], i * mAlignedVertexDataSize);
	break;
	}

	// Set the bind group, if it changes.
	switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
	case BindGroup::NoChange:
	break;

	case BindGroup::Redundant:
	pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0]);
	break;

	case BindGroup::NoReuse: {
	wgpu::BindGroup bindGroup = utils::MakeBindGroup(
	device, mUniformBindGroupLayout, {{0, mUniformBuffers[i], 0, kUniformSize}});
	pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, bindGroup);
	break;
	}

	case BindGroup::Multiple:
	pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[i]);
	break;

	case BindGroup::Dynamic: {
	uint32_t dynamicOffset = static_cast<uint32_t>(i * mAlignedUniformSize);
	pass.SetBindGroup(uniformBindGroupIndex, mUniformBindGroups[0], 1, &dynamicOffset);
	break;
	}

	default:
	UNREACHABLE();
	break;
	}
	pass.Draw(3);
	}
	}

	void DrawCallPerf::Step() {
	if (GetParam().uniformDataType == UniformData::Dynamic) {
	// Update uniform data if it's dynamic.
	std::fill(mUniformBufferData.begin(), mUniformBufferData.end(),
	mUniformBufferData[0] + 1.0);

	switch (GetParam().bindGroupType) {
	case BindGroup::NoChange:
	case BindGroup::Redundant:
	queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[0], 0, mUniformBufferData.data(),
	3 * sizeof(float));
	break;
	case BindGroup::NoReuse:
	case BindGroup::Multiple:
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kNumDraws; ++i) {
	queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[i], 0,
	mUniformBufferData.data() + i * mNumUniformFloats,
	3 * sizeof(float));
	}
	break;
	case BindGroup::Dynamic:
	queue.WriteBuffer(mUniformBuffers[0], 0, mUniformBufferData.data(),
	mUniformBufferData.size() * sizeof(float));
	break;
	}
	}

	wgpu::CommandEncoder commands = device.CreateCommandEncoder();
	utils::ComboRenderPassDescriptor renderPass({mColorAttachment}, mDepthStencilAttachment);
	wgpu::RenderPassEncoder pass = commands.BeginRenderPass(&renderPass);

	switch (GetParam().withRenderBundle) {
	case RenderBundle::No:
	RecordRenderCommands(pass);
	break;
	case RenderBundle::Yes:
	pass.ExecuteBundles(1, &mRenderBundle);
	break;
	default:
	UNREACHABLE();
	break;
	}

	pass.EndPass();
	wgpu::CommandBuffer commandBuffer = commands.Finish();
	queue.Submit(1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	TEST_P(DrawCallPerf, Run) {
	RunTest();
	}

	DAWN_INSTANTIATE_TEST_P(
	DrawCallPerf,
	{D3D12Backend(), MetalBackend(), OpenGLBackend(), VulkanBackend(),
	VulkanBackend({"skip_validation"})},
	{
	// Baseline
	MakeParam(),

	// Change vertex buffer binding
	MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Multiple), // Multiple vertex buffers
	MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Dynamic), // Dynamic vertex buffer

	// Change bind group binding
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple), // Multiple bind groups
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic), // Dynamic bind groups
	MakeParam(BindGroup::NoReuse), // New bind group per-draw

	// Redundantly set pipeline / bind groups
	MakeParam(Pipeline::Redundant, BindGroup::Redundant),

	// Switch the pipeline every draw to test state tracking and updates to binding points
	MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
	BindGroup::Multiple), // Multiple bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline
	MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
	BindGroup::Dynamic), // Dynamic bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline

	// ----------- Render Bundles -----------
	// Command validation / state tracking can be futher optimized / precomputed.
	// Use render bundles with varying vertex buffer binding
	MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Multiple,
	RenderBundle::Yes), // Multiple vertex buffers w/ render bundle
	MakeParam(VertexBuffer::Dynamic,
	RenderBundle::Yes), // Dynamic vertex buffer w/ render bundle

	// Use render bundles with varying bind group binding
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple, RenderBundle::Yes), // Multiple bind groups w/ render bundle
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic, RenderBundle::Yes), // Dynamic bind groups w/ render bundle

	// Use render bundles with dynamic pipeline
	MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
	BindGroup::Multiple,
	RenderBundle::Yes), // Multiple bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline w/ render bundle
	MakeParam(Pipeline::Dynamic,
	BindGroup::Dynamic,
	RenderBundle::Yes), // Dynamic bind groups w/ dynamic pipeline w/ render bundle

	// ----------- Render Bundles (end)-------

	// Update per-draw data in the bind group(s). This will cause resource transitions between
	// updating and drawing.
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Multiple,
	UniformData::Dynamic), // Update per-draw data: Multiple bind groups
	MakeParam(BindGroup::Dynamic,
	UniformData::Dynamic), // Update per-draw data: Dynamic bind groups
	});