src/utils/WGPUHelpers.cpp - dawn - Git at Google

 // Copyright 2017 The Dawn Authors
 //
 // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 // You may obtain a copy of the License at
 //
 //     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 //
 // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 // limitations under the License.

 #include "utils/WGPUHelpers.h"

 #include "common/Constants.h"
 #include "common/Log.h"

 #include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"

 #include <cstring>
 #include <iomanip>
 #include <limits>
 #include <mutex>
 #include <sstream>

 namespace utils {
     wgpu::ShaderModule CreateShaderModuleFromASM(const wgpu::Device& device, const char* source) {
         // Use SPIRV-Tools's C API to assemble the SPIR-V assembly text to binary. Because the types
         // aren't RAII, we don't return directly on success and instead always go through the code
         // path that destroys the SPIRV-Tools objects.
         wgpu::ShaderModule result = nullptr;

         spv_context context = spvContextCreate(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_3);
         ASSERT(context != nullptr);

         spv_binary spirv = nullptr;
         spv_diagnostic diagnostic = nullptr;
         if (spvTextToBinary(context, source, strlen(source), &spirv, &diagnostic) == SPV_SUCCESS) {
             ASSERT(spirv != nullptr);
             ASSERT(spirv->wordCount <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());

             wgpu::ShaderModuleSPIRVDescriptor spirvDesc;
             spirvDesc.codeSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(spirv->wordCount);
             spirvDesc.code = spirv->code;

             wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor;
             descriptor.nextInChain = &spirvDesc;
             result = device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
         } else {
             ASSERT(diagnostic != nullptr);
             dawn::WarningLog() << "CreateShaderModuleFromASM SPIRV assembly error:"
                                << diagnostic->position.line + 1 << ":"
                                << diagnostic->position.column + 1 << ": " << diagnostic->error;
         }

         spvDiagnosticDestroy(diagnostic);
         spvBinaryDestroy(spirv);
         spvContextDestroy(context);

         return result;
     }

     wgpu::ShaderModule CreateShaderModule(const wgpu::Device& device, const char* source) {
         wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDesc;
         wgslDesc.source = source;
         wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.nextInChain = &wgslDesc;
         return device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
     }

     wgpu::Buffer CreateBufferFromData(const wgpu::Device& device,
                                       const void* data,
                                       uint64_t size,
                                       wgpu::BufferUsage usage) {
         wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.size = size;
         descriptor.usage = usage | wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
         wgpu::Buffer buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);

         device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(buffer, 0, data, size);
         return buffer;
     }

     ComboRenderPassDescriptor::ComboRenderPassDescriptor(
         std::initializer_list<wgpu::TextureView> colorAttachmentInfo,
         wgpu::TextureView depthStencil) {
         for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kMaxColorAttachments; ++i) {
             cColorAttachments[i].loadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
             cColorAttachments[i].storeOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
             cColorAttachments[i].clearColor = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
         }

         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.clearDepth = 1.0f;
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.clearStencil = 0;
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.depthLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.depthStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.stencilLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.stencilStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;

         colorAttachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(colorAttachmentInfo.size());
         uint32_t colorAttachmentIndex = 0;
         for (const wgpu::TextureView& colorAttachment : colorAttachmentInfo) {
             if (colorAttachment.Get() != nullptr) {
                 cColorAttachments[colorAttachmentIndex].view = colorAttachment;
             }
             ++colorAttachmentIndex;
         }
         colorAttachments = cColorAttachments.data();

         if (depthStencil.Get() != nullptr) {
             cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.view = depthStencil;
             depthStencilAttachment = &cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
         } else {
             depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
         }
     }

     ComboRenderPassDescriptor::ComboRenderPassDescriptor(const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& other) {
         *this = other;
     }

     const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& ComboRenderPassDescriptor::operator=(
         const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& otherRenderPass) {
         cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo = otherRenderPass.cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
         cColorAttachments = otherRenderPass.cColorAttachments;
         colorAttachmentCount = otherRenderPass.colorAttachmentCount;

         colorAttachments = cColorAttachments.data();

         if (otherRenderPass.depthStencilAttachment != nullptr) {
             // Assign desc.depthStencilAttachment to this->depthStencilAttachmentInfo;
             depthStencilAttachment = &cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
         } else {
             depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
         }

         return *this;
     }

     BasicRenderPass::BasicRenderPass()
         : width(0),
           height(0),
           color(nullptr),
           colorFormat(wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm),
           renderPassInfo({}) {
     }

     BasicRenderPass::BasicRenderPass(uint32_t texWidth,
                                      uint32_t texHeight,
                                      wgpu::Texture colorAttachment,
                                      wgpu::TextureFormat textureFormat)
         : width(texWidth),
           height(texHeight),
           color(colorAttachment),
           colorFormat(textureFormat),
           renderPassInfo({colorAttachment.CreateView()}) {
     }

     BasicRenderPass CreateBasicRenderPass(const wgpu::Device& device,
                                           uint32_t width,
                                           uint32_t height) {
         DAWN_ASSERT(width > 0 && height > 0);

         wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.dimension = wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
         descriptor.size.width = width;
         descriptor.size.height = height;
         descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers = 1;
         descriptor.sampleCount = 1;
         descriptor.format = BasicRenderPass::kDefaultColorFormat;
         descriptor.mipLevelCount = 1;
         descriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment | wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc;
         wgpu::Texture color = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor);

         return BasicRenderPass(width, height, color);
     }

     wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer CreateImageCopyBuffer(wgpu::Buffer buffer,
                                                 uint64_t offset,
                                                 uint32_t bytesPerRow,
                                                 uint32_t rowsPerImage) {
         wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer imageCopyBuffer = {};
         imageCopyBuffer.buffer = buffer;
         imageCopyBuffer.layout = CreateTextureDataLayout(offset, bytesPerRow, rowsPerImage);

         return imageCopyBuffer;
     }

     wgpu::ImageCopyTexture CreateImageCopyTexture(wgpu::Texture texture,
                                                   uint32_t mipLevel,
                                                   wgpu::Origin3D origin,
                                                   wgpu::TextureAspect aspect) {
         wgpu::ImageCopyTexture imageCopyTexture;
         imageCopyTexture.texture = texture;
         imageCopyTexture.mipLevel = mipLevel;
         imageCopyTexture.origin = origin;
         imageCopyTexture.aspect = aspect;

         return imageCopyTexture;
     }

     wgpu::TextureDataLayout CreateTextureDataLayout(uint64_t offset,
                                                     uint32_t bytesPerRow,
                                                     uint32_t rowsPerImage) {
         wgpu::TextureDataLayout textureDataLayout;
         textureDataLayout.offset = offset;
         textureDataLayout.bytesPerRow = bytesPerRow;
         textureDataLayout.rowsPerImage = rowsPerImage;

         return textureDataLayout;
     }

     wgpu::PipelineLayout MakeBasicPipelineLayout(const wgpu::Device& device,
                                                  const wgpu::BindGroupLayout* bindGroupLayout) {
         wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
         if (bindGroupLayout != nullptr) {
             descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = 1;
             descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = bindGroupLayout;
         } else {
             descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = 0;
             descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = nullptr;
         }
         return device.CreatePipelineLayout(&descriptor);
     }

     wgpu::PipelineLayout MakePipelineLayout(const wgpu::Device& device,
                                             std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> bgls) {
         wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = uint32_t(bgls.size());
         descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = bgls.data();
         return device.CreatePipelineLayout(&descriptor);
     }

     wgpu::BindGroupLayout MakeBindGroupLayout(
         const wgpu::Device& device,
         std::initializer_list<BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper> entriesInitializer) {
         std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> entries;
         for (const BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper& entry : entriesInitializer) {
             entries.push_back(entry);
         }

         wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(entries.size());
         descriptor.entries = entries.data();
         return device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&descriptor);
     }

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t entryBinding,
         wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
         wgpu::BufferBindingType bufferType,
         bool bufferHasDynamicOffset,
         uint64_t bufferMinBindingSize) {
         binding = entryBinding;
         visibility = entryVisibility;
         buffer.type = bufferType;
         buffer.hasDynamicOffset = bufferHasDynamicOffset;
         buffer.minBindingSize = bufferMinBindingSize;
     }

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t entryBinding,
         wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
         wgpu::SamplerBindingType samplerType) {
         binding = entryBinding;
         visibility = entryVisibility;
         sampler.type = samplerType;
     }

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t entryBinding,
         wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
         wgpu::TextureSampleType textureSampleType,
         wgpu::TextureViewDimension textureViewDimension,
         bool textureMultisampled) {
         binding = entryBinding;
         visibility = entryVisibility;
         texture.sampleType = textureSampleType;
         texture.viewDimension = textureViewDimension;
         texture.multisampled = textureMultisampled;
     }

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t entryBinding,
         wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
         wgpu::StorageTextureAccess storageTextureAccess,
         wgpu::TextureFormat format,
         wgpu::TextureViewDimension textureViewDimension) {
         binding = entryBinding;
         visibility = entryVisibility;
         storageTexture.access = storageTextureAccess;
         storageTexture.format = format;
         storageTexture.viewDimension = textureViewDimension;
     }

     // ExternalTextureBindingLayout never contains data, so just make one that can be reused instead
     // of declaring a new one every time it's needed.
     wgpu::ExternalTextureBindingLayout kExternalTextureBindingLayout = {};

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t entryBinding,
         wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
         wgpu::ExternalTextureBindingLayout* bindingLayout) {
         binding = entryBinding;
         visibility = entryVisibility;
         nextInChain = bindingLayout;
     }

     BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
         const wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry& entry)
         : wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry(entry) {
     }

     BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
                                                              const wgpu::Sampler& sampler)
         : binding(binding), sampler(sampler) {
     }

     BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
                                                              const wgpu::TextureView& textureView)
         : binding(binding), textureView(textureView) {
     }

     BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(
         uint32_t binding,
         const wgpu::ExternalTexture& externalTexture)
         : binding(binding) {
         externalTextureBindingEntry.externalTexture = externalTexture;
     }

     BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
                                                              const wgpu::Buffer& buffer,
                                                              uint64_t offset,
                                                              uint64_t size)
         : binding(binding), buffer(buffer), offset(offset), size(size) {
     }

     wgpu::BindGroupEntry BindingInitializationHelper::GetAsBinding() const {
         wgpu::BindGroupEntry result;

         result.binding = binding;
         result.sampler = sampler;
         result.textureView = textureView;
         result.buffer = buffer;
         result.offset = offset;
         result.size = size;
         if (externalTextureBindingEntry.externalTexture != nullptr) {
             result.nextInChain = &externalTextureBindingEntry;
         }

         return result;
     }

     wgpu::BindGroup MakeBindGroup(
         const wgpu::Device& device,
         const wgpu::BindGroupLayout& layout,
         std::initializer_list<BindingInitializationHelper> entriesInitializer) {
         std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries;
         for (const BindingInitializationHelper& helper : entriesInitializer) {
             entries.push_back(helper.GetAsBinding());
         }

         wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor;
         descriptor.layout = layout;
         descriptor.entryCount = entries.size();
         descriptor.entries = entries.data();

         return device.CreateBindGroup(&descriptor);
     }

 }  // namespace utils
	// Copyright 2017 The Dawn Authors
	//
	// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
	// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
	// You may obtain a copy of the License at
	//
	// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
	//
	// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
	// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
	// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
	// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
	// limitations under the License.

	#include "utils/WGPUHelpers.h"

	#include "common/Constants.h"
	#include "common/Log.h"

	#include "spirv-tools/optimizer.hpp"

	#include <cstring>
	#include <iomanip>
	#include <limits>
	#include <mutex>
	#include <sstream>

	namespace utils {
	wgpu::ShaderModule CreateShaderModuleFromASM(const wgpu::Device& device, const char* source) {
	// Use SPIRV-Tools's C API to assemble the SPIR-V assembly text to binary. Because the types
	// aren't RAII, we don't return directly on success and instead always go through the code
	// path that destroys the SPIRV-Tools objects.
	wgpu::ShaderModule result = nullptr;

	spv_context context = spvContextCreate(SPV_ENV_UNIVERSAL_1_3);
	ASSERT(context != nullptr);

	spv_binary spirv = nullptr;
	spv_diagnostic diagnostic = nullptr;
	if (spvTextToBinary(context, source, strlen(source), &spirv, &diagnostic) == SPV_SUCCESS) {
	ASSERT(spirv != nullptr);
	ASSERT(spirv->wordCount <= std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max());

	wgpu::ShaderModuleSPIRVDescriptor spirvDesc;
	spirvDesc.codeSize = static_cast<uint32_t>(spirv->wordCount);
	spirvDesc.code = spirv->code;

	wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.nextInChain = &spirvDesc;
	result = device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
	} else {
	ASSERT(diagnostic != nullptr);
	dawn::WarningLog() << "CreateShaderModuleFromASM SPIRV assembly error:"
	<< diagnostic->position.line + 1 << ":"
	<< diagnostic->position.column + 1 << ": " << diagnostic->error;
	}

	spvDiagnosticDestroy(diagnostic);
	spvBinaryDestroy(spirv);
	spvContextDestroy(context);

	return result;
	}

	wgpu::ShaderModule CreateShaderModule(const wgpu::Device& device, const char* source) {
	wgpu::ShaderModuleWGSLDescriptor wgslDesc;
	wgslDesc.source = source;
	wgpu::ShaderModuleDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.nextInChain = &wgslDesc;
	return device.CreateShaderModule(&descriptor);
	}

	wgpu::Buffer CreateBufferFromData(const wgpu::Device& device,
	const void* data,
	uint64_t size,
	wgpu::BufferUsage usage) {
	wgpu::BufferDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.size = size;
	descriptor.usage = usage \| wgpu::BufferUsage::CopyDst;
	wgpu::Buffer buffer = device.CreateBuffer(&descriptor);

	device.GetQueue().WriteBuffer(buffer, 0, data, size);
	return buffer;
	}

	ComboRenderPassDescriptor::ComboRenderPassDescriptor(
	std::initializer_list<wgpu::TextureView> colorAttachmentInfo,
	wgpu::TextureView depthStencil) {
	for (uint32_t i = 0; i < kMaxColorAttachments; ++i) {
	cColorAttachments[i].loadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
	cColorAttachments[i].storeOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
	cColorAttachments[i].clearColor = {0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f};
	}

	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.clearDepth = 1.0f;
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.clearStencil = 0;
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.depthLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.depthStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.stencilLoadOp = wgpu::LoadOp::Clear;
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.stencilStoreOp = wgpu::StoreOp::Store;

	colorAttachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(colorAttachmentInfo.size());
	uint32_t colorAttachmentIndex = 0;
	for (const wgpu::TextureView& colorAttachment : colorAttachmentInfo) {
	if (colorAttachment.Get() != nullptr) {
	cColorAttachments[colorAttachmentIndex].view = colorAttachment;
	}
	++colorAttachmentIndex;
	}
	colorAttachments = cColorAttachments.data();

	if (depthStencil.Get() != nullptr) {
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo.view = depthStencil;
	depthStencilAttachment = &cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
	} else {
	depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
	}
	}

	ComboRenderPassDescriptor::ComboRenderPassDescriptor(const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& other) {
	*this = other;
	}

	const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& ComboRenderPassDescriptor::operator=(
	const ComboRenderPassDescriptor& otherRenderPass) {
	cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo = otherRenderPass.cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
	cColorAttachments = otherRenderPass.cColorAttachments;
	colorAttachmentCount = otherRenderPass.colorAttachmentCount;

	colorAttachments = cColorAttachments.data();

	if (otherRenderPass.depthStencilAttachment != nullptr) {
	// Assign desc.depthStencilAttachment to this->depthStencilAttachmentInfo;
	depthStencilAttachment = &cDepthStencilAttachmentInfo;
	} else {
	depthStencilAttachment = nullptr;
	}

	return *this;
	}

	BasicRenderPass::BasicRenderPass()
	: width(0),
	height(0),
	color(nullptr),
	colorFormat(wgpu::TextureFormat::RGBA8Unorm),
	renderPassInfo({}) {
	}

	BasicRenderPass::BasicRenderPass(uint32_t texWidth,
	uint32_t texHeight,
	wgpu::Texture colorAttachment,
	wgpu::TextureFormat textureFormat)
	: width(texWidth),
	height(texHeight),
	color(colorAttachment),
	colorFormat(textureFormat),
	renderPassInfo({colorAttachment.CreateView()}) {
	}

	BasicRenderPass CreateBasicRenderPass(const wgpu::Device& device,
	uint32_t width,
	uint32_t height) {
	DAWN_ASSERT(width > 0 && height > 0);

	wgpu::TextureDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.dimension = wgpu::TextureDimension::e2D;
	descriptor.size.width = width;
	descriptor.size.height = height;
	descriptor.size.depthOrArrayLayers = 1;
	descriptor.sampleCount = 1;
	descriptor.format = BasicRenderPass::kDefaultColorFormat;
	descriptor.mipLevelCount = 1;
	descriptor.usage = wgpu::TextureUsage::RenderAttachment \| wgpu::TextureUsage::CopySrc;
	wgpu::Texture color = device.CreateTexture(&descriptor);

	return BasicRenderPass(width, height, color);
	}

	wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer CreateImageCopyBuffer(wgpu::Buffer buffer,
	uint64_t offset,
	uint32_t bytesPerRow,
	uint32_t rowsPerImage) {
	wgpu::ImageCopyBuffer imageCopyBuffer = {};
	imageCopyBuffer.buffer = buffer;
	imageCopyBuffer.layout = CreateTextureDataLayout(offset, bytesPerRow, rowsPerImage);

	return imageCopyBuffer;
	}

	wgpu::ImageCopyTexture CreateImageCopyTexture(wgpu::Texture texture,
	uint32_t mipLevel,
	wgpu::Origin3D origin,
	wgpu::TextureAspect aspect) {
	wgpu::ImageCopyTexture imageCopyTexture;
	imageCopyTexture.texture = texture;
	imageCopyTexture.mipLevel = mipLevel;
	imageCopyTexture.origin = origin;
	imageCopyTexture.aspect = aspect;

	return imageCopyTexture;
	}

	wgpu::TextureDataLayout CreateTextureDataLayout(uint64_t offset,
	uint32_t bytesPerRow,
	uint32_t rowsPerImage) {
	wgpu::TextureDataLayout textureDataLayout;
	textureDataLayout.offset = offset;
	textureDataLayout.bytesPerRow = bytesPerRow;
	textureDataLayout.rowsPerImage = rowsPerImage;

	return textureDataLayout;
	}

	wgpu::PipelineLayout MakeBasicPipelineLayout(const wgpu::Device& device,
	const wgpu::BindGroupLayout* bindGroupLayout) {
	wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
	if (bindGroupLayout != nullptr) {
	descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = 1;
	descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = bindGroupLayout;
	} else {
	descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = 0;
	descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = nullptr;
	}
	return device.CreatePipelineLayout(&descriptor);
	}

	wgpu::PipelineLayout MakePipelineLayout(const wgpu::Device& device,
	std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayout> bgls) {
	wgpu::PipelineLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.bindGroupLayoutCount = uint32_t(bgls.size());
	descriptor.bindGroupLayouts = bgls.data();
	return device.CreatePipelineLayout(&descriptor);
	}

	wgpu::BindGroupLayout MakeBindGroupLayout(
	const wgpu::Device& device,
	std::initializer_list<BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper> entriesInitializer) {
	std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry> entries;
	for (const BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper& entry : entriesInitializer) {
	entries.push_back(entry);
	}

	wgpu::BindGroupLayoutDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.entryCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(entries.size());
	descriptor.entries = entries.data();
	return device.CreateBindGroupLayout(&descriptor);
	}

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t entryBinding,
	wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
	wgpu::BufferBindingType bufferType,
	bool bufferHasDynamicOffset,
	uint64_t bufferMinBindingSize) {
	binding = entryBinding;
	visibility = entryVisibility;
	buffer.type = bufferType;
	buffer.hasDynamicOffset = bufferHasDynamicOffset;
	buffer.minBindingSize = bufferMinBindingSize;
	}

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t entryBinding,
	wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
	wgpu::SamplerBindingType samplerType) {
	binding = entryBinding;
	visibility = entryVisibility;
	sampler.type = samplerType;
	}

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t entryBinding,
	wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
	wgpu::TextureSampleType textureSampleType,
	wgpu::TextureViewDimension textureViewDimension,
	bool textureMultisampled) {
	binding = entryBinding;
	visibility = entryVisibility;
	texture.sampleType = textureSampleType;
	texture.viewDimension = textureViewDimension;
	texture.multisampled = textureMultisampled;
	}

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t entryBinding,
	wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
	wgpu::StorageTextureAccess storageTextureAccess,
	wgpu::TextureFormat format,
	wgpu::TextureViewDimension textureViewDimension) {
	binding = entryBinding;
	visibility = entryVisibility;
	storageTexture.access = storageTextureAccess;
	storageTexture.format = format;
	storageTexture.viewDimension = textureViewDimension;
	}

	// ExternalTextureBindingLayout never contains data, so just make one that can be reused instead
	// of declaring a new one every time it's needed.
	wgpu::ExternalTextureBindingLayout kExternalTextureBindingLayout = {};

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t entryBinding,
	wgpu::ShaderStage entryVisibility,
	wgpu::ExternalTextureBindingLayout* bindingLayout) {
	binding = entryBinding;
	visibility = entryVisibility;
	nextInChain = bindingLayout;
	}

	BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper::BindingLayoutEntryInitializationHelper(
	const wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry& entry)
	: wgpu::BindGroupLayoutEntry(entry) {
	}

	BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
	const wgpu::Sampler& sampler)
	: binding(binding), sampler(sampler) {
	}

	BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
	const wgpu::TextureView& textureView)
	: binding(binding), textureView(textureView) {
	}

	BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(
	uint32_t binding,
	const wgpu::ExternalTexture& externalTexture)
	: binding(binding) {
	externalTextureBindingEntry.externalTexture = externalTexture;
	}

	BindingInitializationHelper::BindingInitializationHelper(uint32_t binding,
	const wgpu::Buffer& buffer,
	uint64_t offset,
	uint64_t size)
	: binding(binding), buffer(buffer), offset(offset), size(size) {
	}

	wgpu::BindGroupEntry BindingInitializationHelper::GetAsBinding() const {
	wgpu::BindGroupEntry result;

	result.binding = binding;
	result.sampler = sampler;
	result.textureView = textureView;
	result.buffer = buffer;
	result.offset = offset;
	result.size = size;
	if (externalTextureBindingEntry.externalTexture != nullptr) {
	result.nextInChain = &externalTextureBindingEntry;
	}

	return result;
	}

	wgpu::BindGroup MakeBindGroup(
	const wgpu::Device& device,
	const wgpu::BindGroupLayout& layout,
	std::initializer_list<BindingInitializationHelper> entriesInitializer) {
	std::vector<wgpu::BindGroupEntry> entries;
	for (const BindingInitializationHelper& helper : entriesInitializer) {
	entries.push_back(helper.GetAsBinding());
	}

	wgpu::BindGroupDescriptor descriptor;
	descriptor.layout = layout;
	descriptor.entryCount = entries.size();
	descriptor.entries = entries.data();

	return device.CreateBindGroup(&descriptor);
	}

	} // namespace utils